The Organic Chemistry Literature

In preparing these various libraries, extensive use is made of solid phase synthetic methods. These methods are all derived from the solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method developed by Merrifield in 1963. When performing a large number of syntheses, it is preferable to perform the synthetic steps on a solid bead rather than completing the entire synthesis in the solution phase. The solid-phase technique makes byproduct removal and final compound purification easier. The organic chemistry literature contains a wealth of different types of solid-phase supports and novel linkers for attaching the synthetic substrate to the bead. 

The majority of the crystallization literature deals with inorganic crystals, and the organic chemistry literature mainly covers small organic molecules with few degrees of freedom such as glutamic acid, phenytoin, or paracetamol. The reality in the pharmaceutical industry is often much more complicated— molecular weights above 1000 g/mole are common, and complex molecular structures have an effect on nucleation and growth kinetics as well as on the likelihood of polymorph formation. 

The organic chemistry literature usually mentions, or almost always implies, the use of batch reactors with very little reference to other reactor types. An exception is Tundo s Continuous Flow Methods in Organic Synthesis (1991). 

Several authors have cited Meyer in the last decade or so, demonstrating that the organic chemistry literature has a long "shelf-life."... 

Minor changes in the stereochemistry and substitution pattern of the steran skeleton result in vastly different yet specific physiological and pharmacological effects, which in turn influence developmental, metabolic, and behavioral phenomena. The organic chemistry and biochemistry of steroids is the subject of many excellent books and an enormous amount of research and patent literature. This chapter compares and contrasts the structure and mode of action of various steroids, their role in regulating hormonal secretion, and the timing of this regulatory action. 

With more and more clusters becoming available, the synthetic chemistry of clusters turns more to the use of clusters as starting materials. Thus, there is an extensive literature on CO substitutions in metal carbonyl clusters and on the organic chemistry of methinyltricobalt enneacarbonyls. Reactions of this type are dealt with in part in Chapter 2.5. and in detail in Chapter 3. 

MCRs are now no longer confined to a few backbones, but hundreds of easily accessible chemical scaffolds have been described and the description of novel scaffolds available through MCRs is a very active area in the organic-chemical literature. Thus MCRs have become very popular in all areas of organic chemistry and especially in applied chemistry, such as the discovery of novel biologically active compounds as drugs or agricultural chemicals, and material sciences. 

Most of the recent literature in this field is concerned with synthetic organic reactions, supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering. However, solvent free approaches can also be used in the extraction of natural products, although less information is available in the mainstream literature. Juice extractors can be used to afford aqueous solutions of biologically active compounds from undried plant material. An extract of Capsicum annum L. was recently prepared in this way, and then used in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The actual synthesis of the nanoparticles was conducted in the aqueous phase and therefore this work will not be discussed further here. However, this solvent free approach to extraction is probably worthy of greater representation in the green chemistry literature. 

A28. R. Feld and P. L. Cowe, The Organic Chemistry of Titanium. Butterworth, London, 1965. Summary of descriptive organo-titanium chemistry, including many references to patent literature little theoretical treatment. 

There is an extensive literature on the chemistry of As, Sb, and Bi in addition to recent editions of standard textbooks, there is a book edited by Norman, which includes a chapter devoted to the coordination chemistry of these elements, as well as the article by McAuliffe in Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry (CCC, 1987). The vast organic chemistry of these elements falls outside the scope of the present chapter. Sources providing recent coverage of the organic chemistry include chapters by Wardell, in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry I and II, a volume in the Patai series The Chemistry of Organic Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth Compounds), and chapters in Norman s book. These texts also list many reviews on specific classes of organo-derivatives. 

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