The Munitions Program

If the educational order program jjermitted the CWS to take the first faltering step in an accelerated procurement program in the emergency 

Items Awardee Quantity Cost of Item Cost of mi - Cose of Production Study Total Amount of Contract 

Service Gas Matk Assembly Goodyear Tire Rubber Co 3,000 10,000 192,516 328,269 

Source All the data in this chart, with the exception of the Goodyear Tire A Rubber Co. assembly contract, were taken from a study prepared by the Purchase Policies Branch, OC CWS, in 1945, entitled Analysis of Chemical Warfare Service Pricing Record World War II, p. 34. CWS 314.7 Educational Order Program File. This study makes no reference to the Goodyear assembly o ntract, which was the first contract under the F.ducational Order Program. The data on this x ntract were obtained in 1949 in a file of the Procurement Agency, Army Chemical Center. 

Source Data in this chart were obtained from Analysis of Chemical Warfare Service Pricing Rea rd in World War II, p. 35, prepared in 1945 by the Purchase Policies Branch, OC CWS. 

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Other strides toward industrial mobilization were taken under the Munitions Program of 30 June 1940. The formulation of this program by the President, the National Defense Advisory Commission, and the War Department was the first important move to supply an expanding army with the implements of war. " In June 1940 Congress passed the first of five... 

For details on the Munitions Program see Watson, Chief of Staff Prewar Plans and Preparations, pp. 166-82, 318-21. (2) Smith, The Army and Economic Mobilization, pp. 126-33. 

Another development that facilitated preparations for chemical warfare under the Munitions Program was the receipt of pertinent information from the British. The assistant military attache in London in the emergency period, a CWS officer, obtained access to data on development and production methods for chemical warfare items, on British smoke operations for screening critical installations, on the effects of incendiary bombing, and on the types of German incendiaries dropped on London. 

The preparation of plans for securing manufacturing plants in industry, which G-4 listed as one of the chief objectives of the CWS under the Munitions Program, was accomplished in 1940 and 1941. Under the Second Supplemental to the 1941 Appropriations Act, approved on 9 September 1940, funds were allotted to the CWS to erect plants for private industry in order to expedite production. The procedure was for the government to build the plants which would be operated under contract with private industry. Both the Ordnance Department and the Chemical Warfare Service followed the practice extensively. The CWS built charcoal and whetlerite plants and plants for the manufacture of impregnite (CC-2) under this program. ... 

The term unitary indicates a single chemical loaded in munitions or stored as a lethal material. More recently, binary munitions have been produced in which two relatively safe chemicals are loaded into separate compartments to be mixed to form a lethal agent after the munition is fired or released. The components of binary munitions are stockpiled in separate states. They are not included in the present CSDP, but they are being destroyed in a separate program. 

On the other hand, incineration is employed on a large scale in the stockpile program. The U.S. Army s baseline incineration system includes a process for reverse assembly (disassembly) of the stored munitions and collection of the contained agent. As such, it constitutes a complete munition processing system for munitions that have been properly stored. Agent drained from these munitions is sent to a liquid incinerator for destruction, while energetics and munition bodies are sent to separate furnaces for destruction or decontamination. This baseline system is now in use at... 

Department of the Army. Binary Chemical Munitions Program. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md Chemical Systems Laboratory 1981 1-7. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement ARCSL-EIS-8101. 

The Department of Defense Appropriation Act of 2002 required the DOD to establish a program and protocol for the prioritization of sites containing munitions and explosives of concern (MEC), releases of hazardous substances, and CWM. Each of these aspects has a distinct scoring module within the Munitions Response Site Prioritization Protocol (MRSPP). These are titled the Explosives Hazard Evaluation (EHE), the Human Health Evaluation (HHE), and the Chemical Hazard Evaluation (CHE), respectively. The MRSPP was finalized through federal rulemaking on October 5,2005, under 32 CFR Part 179. Additional information on the prioritization protocol can be found onUne at http //www.denix.osd.mil. 

Some of the most overlooked areas of ordnance disposal requiring remediation are the underwater dumps. The CHASE program, Cut Holes and Sink Em, dumped large quantities of nuclear and chemical ordnance at sea. Prior to CHASE, large quantities of explosive and chemical ordnance have been disposed of in a similar manner. Whereas some of these dumps are located far out to sea, others may be in rivers, bays, lakes, and other bodies of water. When these sites will be in deep water, idraitification and removal will be difficult but the pollution to marine life will not be reduced. Photos 13 through 18, and Maps 1 through 6 in the photo section relate to some of the ocean dumping of chemical munitions referred to in this chapter. 

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