The income-lead effect

In general, if per-capita-income in all countries increases over time, the lead market will be the first market to reach a per-capita-income that triggers the take-off of the adoption of the innovation. As a result of user-producer interaction and feedback, users in the lead market will shape the new product design and the improvements of the refinement process of the innovation design until per-capita-income in the lag market increases to such a degree that the demand for the innovation design takes-off there as well. 

The demand function for good qi can be written as a function of income y 

The prevalence of 2 over qj will first occur in the country for which the budget constraint is most advanced to the right. This depends on a high per-capita-income of the potential user group. Total size of the country, however, can matter as well. The national demand for an innovation is the sum of demand from users with an income that exceeds a certain threshold depending on the superiority of the inno- 

Demand for one design, however, would totally extinguishes only if a = 0. The model also requires that prices of the two goods are constant and no function of demand, for instances, because marginal costs are constant or prices are set by the world market. 

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The income-lead effect requires that the per-capita income of the user group in other countries grows over time and that preferences are equal internationally. ... 

One way of stabihzing the initial radical or anion radical is therefore the addition of an acid. Expulsion of a base should produce a similar effect. This is indeed the case (Scheme 2.21), and the secondary radical thus formed is similarly easier to reduce than the starting molecule in most cases. RX is a molecule containing a low-lying orbital able to accommodate the incoming electron, thus leading to the primary radical, RX -, before the nucleophile X- is expelled. We consider here the case of a stepwise process in which the reaction pathway involves the intermediacy of the primary radical rather than a... 

This might alter the electric field of the metal or that experienced by the incoming hydrocarbon, leading to enhanced dehydrogenation on the metal site, and cyclization on the nearby acid sites. Neither of the first two routes would be expected to increase the activity associated with vanadium, since vanadium is much more mobile than nickel, and appears to remain as V + in these systems (Schubert, P. F. Altomare, C. A. Koermer, G. S., Engelhard Corporation Willis, W. S. Suib, S. L., University of Connecticut, manuscript in preparation). While vanadium might be expected to be affected by proximity to the zeolite, this effect could be masked by the destruction of the zeolite. 

The cis effect was rationalized by examination of the possible transition states leading to the major and the minor ene adduct (Scheme 2). In transition state 1 (TSO, the interactions between the incoming oxygen and the two allylic hydrogens are more favourable than those in transition state 2 (TS2) where only one allylic hydrogen is present (Scheme 2). 

The trickle bed reactors that operate in the downflow configuration and have a number of operational problems, including poor distribution of liquid and pulsing operation at high liquid and gas loading. Scaleup of these liquid-gas-solid reactors is much more difficult than a gas-solid or gas-liquid reactor. Nevertheless, the downflow system is convenient when the bed is filled with small catalyst particles. And, because the catalyst particles are small, these reactors are quite effective as filters of the incoming feed. Any suspended fine solids, such as fine clays from production operations, accumulate at the front end of the bed. Eventually, this will lead to high pressure differentials between the inlet and outlet end of the reactor. 

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