The Higher Levels of Control

Fully understanding the behavior at any level of the sodotechnical control structure requires understanding how and why the control at the next higher level allowed or contributed to the inadequate control at the current level. In this accident, many of the erroneous decisions and control actions at the lower levels can only be fully understood by examining this level of control. 

Context in Which Decisions and Actions Took Place 

Roles and Responsibilities The MCC had operational control over the Army helicopters while the CFAC had operational control over fixed-wing aircraft and tactical control over all aircraft in the TAOR.The Combined Task Force commander general (who was above both the CFAC and MCC) had ultimate responsibility for the coordination of fixed-wing aircraft flights with Army helicopters. 

While specific responsibilities of individuals might be considered here in an official accident analysis, treating the CFAC and MCC as entities is sufficient for the purposes of this analysis. 

The physical separation of the Army Eagle Flight pilots from the CFAC operations and Air Force pilots at Indrlik contributed to the communication difficulties that already existed between the services. 

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To prevent friendly fire accidents, pilots need to know exactly what friendly aircraft are flying in the no-fly zone at all times as well as know and follow the ROE and other procedures for preventing such accidents. The higher levels of control delegated the authority and guidance to develop local procedures to the CTF level and below. These local procedures included ... 

The Black Hawks and F-15s were on different radio frequencies and thus the pilots could not speak to each other or hear the transmissions between others involved in the inddent, the most critical of which were the radio transmissions between the two F-15 pilots and between the lead F-15 pilot and personnel onboard the AWACS. The Black Hawks, according to the Aircraft Control Order, should have been communicating on the TAOR frequency. Stopping here and looking only at this level, it appears that the Black Hawk pilots were at fault in not changing to the TAOR frequenqr, but an examination of the higher levels of control points to a different conclusion. 

The higher levels of control provided by the microreactors over the reaction parameters as compared to the conventional batch method and the production of pure phase copper sulfide nanoparticles in less than 3 seconds makes this method very attractive. The copper(II) complex of 1,1,5,5-tetra-iso-propyl-2-thiobiuret was used as a single source precursor for the synthesis of copper sulfide nanoparticles in a continuous flow process. " The nanoparticles had spherical morphology and were produced either as a pure CU7S4 or CU7S4 with minor impurities of CU9S5. Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the flow reactor used by O Brien et al. ... 

In conclusion, biomacromolecules have evolved to be big because from their size and structural variety arise a number of emergent properties that allow them not only to function with utmost efficiency, but to do so in a manner fully controlled by the higher levels of complexity characteristic of living systems (see Section 2.4). 

Broad-spectrum weed control Atrazine and simazine control a broad spectrum of broadleaf and grass weeds. In fact, of the 28 weeds species considered in the analysis, atrazine provides a higher level of control of a greater number of them than any other herbicide. 

Not only does chelation control reverse the stereoselectivity, but it gives a much higher degree of stereoselectivity. Stereoselectivities in chelation-controlled additions to C=0 groups are typically >95 5. But this fits in nicely with the ideas we presented at the end of the last chapter stereoselectivity is likely to be high if a cyclic transition state is involved. Chelation involves just such a transition state, so it should be no surprise that it lets us achieve much higher levels of control than the acyclic Felkin-Anh model does. 

In Study II, young adult human subjects were fed two laboratory-controlled diets containing either 30% of total calories from fat (approximately 100 mg cholesterol 10 10 10 PUFA to MUFA to SFA ratio) or 40% of total calories from fat (approximately 600 mg cholesterol 4 14 14 fatty acid ratio). Two levels of manganese were fed (5 and 45 mg Mn/day) within each level of fat. The higher level of dietary fat generally increased fecal excretion of manganese and increased serum lipids. 

Cyclic compounds have fewer degrees of freedom than their acyclic counterparts and this means that not only can we expect a higher level of control, but the resulting stereochemistry is easier to visualise. So reduction of the achiral ketone 80 could lead to the syn alcohol 81 or the anti alcohol 82. The question is which do we get and why ... 

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