The Gustav Line

The Fifth Army plan for its drive on Rome consisted of two parts a 3-corps attack against the Gustav Line followed a few days later by an amphibious maneuver south of Rome and in back of the Gustav Line defenses—the Shingle operation at Anzio. Army planners hop6d that the pressure on the main German position, combined with the threat to his rear, would force the enemy into a general withdrawal. 

The situation was just as bad with the 141st Infantry. Mortar Company A fired smoke missions on 21 and 22 January to screen two infantry battalions on the far side of the river. Next day the company expended 441 rounds of WP on a screen to cover the withdrawal of some forty men of the 141st Infantry. The abortive attack had been costly.  

Unfortunately, the smoke screen mission fired for the men stranded on the far bank of the Rapido seriously interfered with the observation of the corps artillery. With communications out and with infantry positions unknown, effective artillery support was impossible. There were also misunderstandings regarding the use of smoke. In a 23 January conference between the 36th Division chemical officer and Capt. James O. Quimby, Jr., commanding Company A, 2d Chemical Battalion, the former commented on the density of enemy smoke at the site of the bridgehead. Quimby had to explain that this was his smoke, not German, a fact unknown to division as well as corps.  

A 24 January mission of Company C demonstrated that some commanders receiving support continued to be unfamiliar with the cap- 

Fifth Army launched the second phase of its winter offensive on 2 a January on the beaches near Anzio and Nettuno, seaside resort towns located barely thirty air miles south of Rome. The objective of VI Corps was to cut the historic roadway known as the Appian Way and Highway 7, as well as other German supply routes. With these severed, the enemy in the Gustav Line would be left to choose between ex-temunation and withdrawal. Two mortar battalions saw action at Anzio, the 83d, initially in support of Colonel Darby s Ranger forces, and the 84th, which landed late on D-day with the 3d Infantry Division. 

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On the eve of Fifth Army s ii May attack on the Gustav Line 3d Battalion communication equipment was augmented by the issue of... 

In 1817, Josef Fraunhofer (1787-1826) studied the spectrum of solar radiation, observing a continuous spectrum with numerous dark lines. Fraunhofer labeled the most prominent of the dark lines with letters. In 1859, Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-1887) showed that the D line in the solar spectrum was due to the absorption of solar radiation by sodium atoms. The wavelength of the sodium D line is 589 nm. What are the frequency and the wavenumber for this line ... 

The name comes from the Latin rubidus, meaning deep red. Rubidium was discovered by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824—1887) and Robert Wilhelm Runsen (1811-1899) in 1861, using their spectroscope. They named it after the red lines found in the spectra of the new element. It is rare, and it is radioactive. It is used in photoelectric cells and specialty glass. An exotic compound of rubidium, silver, and iodine may be useful in thin film batteries. 

It remained, however, for Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in 1859 and 1860 to explain the origin of the Fraunhofer lines. Bunsen had invented his famous burner (Figure 24F-2) a few years earlier, which made possible spectral observations of emission and absorption phenomena in a nearly transparent flame. Kirchhoff con-... 

Cesium is an alkali metal that reacts explosively with water and melts just above room temperature. The word cesium is derived from caesium (Latin for sky blue ). The name was chosen because of the blue lines observed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff during their analysis of springwater with a spectroscope in 1860. Currently, cesium metal is generated via thermal decomposition of the azide, electrolysis of molten CsCN, or reduction of molten CsCl with calcium vapor followed by fractional distillation. 

EXERCISE 7.2 The element cesium was discovered in 1860 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, who found two bright blue lines in the spectrum of a substance isolated from a mineral water. One of the spectral lines of cesium has a wavelength of 456 mn. What is its frequency ... 

To place in context this first recorded discovery of a phosphor, we must recall (from Sect. 6.3) that Gustav Kirchhofif in 1859 realized that the observed frequencies of the various elements emission lines in their bright line spectra corresponded to the frequencies observed in Fraunhofer s dark line spectra. Kirchhoff concluded that the dark lines were due to the absorption of the characteristic frequencies of the elements present in the cooler outer layers of the sun s atmosphere, and that these were the same frequencies that these elements emitted when excited by an energy source such as a flame. In other words, he observed the resonance lines, radiation absorbed by a substance and immediately emitted at the same wavelength. 

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) und Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) discovered this element during the spectral analysis of Durkheim mineral water which showed two new blue lines. 

Rubidium (Rb, [Kr s1), name and symbol from the Latin rubidius (deep red, the colour of its main spectral lines). Discovered (1861) by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff. 

Rubidium - the atomic number is 37 and the chemical symbol is Rb. The name derives from the Latin rubidus for deepest red because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. It was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bimsen isolated rubidium in 1863. 

The existence of these different practices was not sufficient to create a discipline or subdiscipline of physical chemistry, but it showed the way. One definition of physical chemistry is that it is the application of the techniques and theories of physics to the study of chemical reactions, and the study of the interrelations of chemical and physical properties. That would mean that Faraday was a physical chemist when engaged in electrolytic researches. Other chemists devised other essentially physical instruments and applied them to chemical subjects. Robert Bunsen (1811—99) is best known today for the gas burner that bears his name, the Bunsen burner, a standard laboratory instrument. He also devised improved electrical batteries that enabled him to isolate new metals and to add to the list of elements. Bunsen and the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff (1824—87) invented a spectroscope to examine the colors of flames (see Chapter 13). They used it in chemical analysis, to detect minute quantities of elements. With it they discovered the metal cesium by the characteristic two blue lines in its spectrum and rubidium by its two red lines. We have seen how Van t Hoff and Le Bel used optical activity, the rotation of the plane of polarized light (detected by using a polarimeter) to identify optical or stereoisomers. Clearly there was a connection between physical and chemical properties. 

Cesium was discovered in 1861 by German chemists Robert Bunsen (1811—1899) and Gustav Kirchhoff (1824—1887). They found the element using a method of analysis they had just invented spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the process of analyzing light produced when an element is heated. The light produced is different for every element. The spectrum (plural spectra) of an element consists of a series of colored lines. 

The name comes from the Latin caesius, meaning sky blue. Cesium was discovered by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) in 1860. They used a spectroscope on a drop of mineral water and saw previously unnoted blue lines in the spectra. Cesium is rare, but it is used in photoelectric cells and as a hydrogenation catalyst. It is also used in some atomic clocks. 

Cs cesium, 55, 1860 from the Latin caesius (blue) cesium and rubidium were the first elements to be discovered—by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff —through their spectral lines cesium is identified by its blue lines. 

This metal was first discovered in 1861 by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887) while they were experimenting with other alkali metals. They named it rubidium after the ruby red lines it emitted when it was heated. 

During their flame spectrometry experiments on mineral waters in 1860, the German chemists Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen determined the existence of cesium from the characteristic two blue lines in the spectrum. Likewise, extracts of the mineral lepidolite exhibited two dark red spectral lines from which the presence of Rb was inferred. Thus, cesium derives from the Latin caesius, meaning heavenly blue, whereas rubidium derives from rubidus, the Latin word used to describe a very dark red color. Bunsen was able to isolate pure Rb but not Cs, later purified by C. Setterberg. 

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