The Gambia

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in The Gambia, 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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Assessment, U.S. Congress Pacific Environmental Services Project Concern International (The Gambia)... 

Zarba A, Wild CP, Hall AJ, Montesano R, Hudson GJ, Groopman JD (1992) Aflatoxin Mi in human breast milk from The Gambia, west Africa, quantified by combined monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography and HPLC. Carcinogenesis, 13(5) 891-894. 

Wild CP, Shresma SM, Anwar WA, Montesano R Field studies of aflatoxin exposure, metabolism and induction of genetic alterations in relation to HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in The Gambia and Thailand. Toxicol Lett 1992 64/65 455 61. 

Lesack, L. P. W., Hecky, R. E., and Melack, J. M. (1984). Transport of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and major solutes in the Gambia River, West Africa. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29,... 

Three large clinical trials (in Kenya, the Gambia, and Vietnam) compared intramuscular artemether with intravenous quinine in severe malaria tropica (SEDA-20,259). The treatments were similarly efficacious. There were no serious adverse effects. 

In 60 children in the Gambia with uncomplicated malaria tropica, lumefantrine was safe and effective. No neurological, cardiac, or other adverse effects were reported (3). 

Field trials in the UK and the Gambia have shown immunogenicity not only in adults but also in toddlers and even infants. Except for local tenderness in 30-75% of vaccinees, no conjugate vaccine evaluated to date has been associated with significant adverse effects (1). 

The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study is a major effort to determine the role of chronic HBV infection in the evolution of hepatocellular carcinomas. Vaccinated children are being followed-up for serological markers of HBV infection and, later in life, the occurrence of liver tumors. This is a longterm study, but the agency is committed to lead this important work to a successful conclusion. 

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram showing the laterite-ferricrete genetic relationship, and the natural continuum between the autochthonous (i.e. in situ weathering profiles) and allochthonous end-members. Bidar and MQ (Merces Quarry) are two laterite weathering profiles from India, and PB (Palika Ba) is a fer-ricrete alteration profile from the Gambia (see section 3.3.2).

Figure 3.4 Examples of laterite and ferricrete profiles. (A) Merces Quarry near Panjim, Goa (15°29 N, 73°53 E), where an entire laterite weathering profile developed upon Proterozoic greywacke is exposed. (B) Laterite quarrying at Bidar (17°55 N, 77°33 E), showing recently cut sections (with 1 m rule for scale) where material from the upper parts of the profile (zone IV on Fig. 3) has been extracted for laterite bricks. The Bidar laterite localities were used by Newbold (1846) to argue for laterite as an in situ weathering product. (C) Ferricrete profile exposed in a road cutting to the south of Palika Ba (13°28 N, 15°14 W), near the Gambia River, Gambia, West Africa.

Figure 3.8 Examples from the ferricrete alteration profile observed at outcrop at Palika Ba (13°28 N, 15°14 W), near the Gambia River, Gambia, West Africa. (A) Nodules of ferricrete developing within Quaternary alluvial sands and silts deposited by the Gambia River. Nodules consist of predominantly goethite with minor haematite (sample PG4 in Table 3.3). (B) Massive iron-cemented ferricrete horizon displaying characteristic tubes (i.e vermiform structure sample PG2 in Table 3.3). Importantly, the iron cement is entirely due to the introduction of allochthonous iron into the pore spaces of the sediment.

Examples from the ferricrete alteration profile observed at outcrop at Palika Ba, near the Gambia River,... 

United Kingdom) as well as in The Gambia and Uganda, only a small portion of the budget was allocated to the biochemistry of malaria parasites and the mechanisms of action of anti-malarials. 

In field isolates from The Gambia and Brazil, the sialic acid-dependent pathway seems to predominate whereas in India and Kenya neuraminidase- and trypsin-sensitive, chymotrypsin-resistant receptors (characteristic of EBA-175 and EBA-140 mediated invasion) were rarely used (Deans et ah, 2007). 

Pocklington, R., 1978. Organic matter in waters off Senegal and The Gambia, February— March, 1976. Rep. Ser., Bedford Institute, 17 pp. 

Pocklington, R. and MacKinnon, M.D., in press. Organic matter in upwelling off Senegal and the Gambia. Spec. Vol. Rapp. Proc. Verb. ICES. 

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