Textile materials characteristics

The hexahydrate is used in the preparation of deodorant and antiperspi-rant. Also, it is apphed in textile finishing to improve the antistatic characteristics and flammability ratings of various textile materials. Commercially, it is sold as crystalline powder or as a 28% solution in water. 

In addition to wool, other hygroscopic textile materials such as cotton and linen underwent a threefold increase in their specific heat at constant vapor pressure. The relatively high specific heats derived from equations in the study, which are considered to represent those incurred in actual use of the hygroscopic textiles, explain the well-known buffering action of these fabrics toward sudden changes in indoor or outdoor temperatures (2l). A compilation of the specific heat of a variety of textile fibers at 20-200°C indicates that considerable variation in the values of this thermophysical property occurs with different fibers (e.g., a value of 0.157 for glass and 0.1 9 cal/g.°C for Nylon 66 are reported), and that additional research is needed to establish the extent to which specific heat affects the characteristics of thermal transmission in textiles (22). 

CMC has been widely used as a nonstaining wallpaper adhesive. It has also been used as an adhesive in the paper and textile industries. Characteristics of CMC that are important for this application are its ease of slip, nonspoiling property, high adhesive efficiency, and ease of makeup. CMC has found use in the ceramics industry where its ability to bind and suspend materials during various stages of manufacture is important. It is used in glazes for sanitaryware, structural tile, and dinner ware. 

Microwave heating techniques have been widely used in textile chemistry. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of microwave technologies and industrial applications. The characteristics of microwave interactions with textile materials are outlined together with microwave fundamentals in the heat-setting process. Further more, the limitations in current imderstanding are included as a guide for potential users and for future research and development activities. 

The cocoon silk of the silk worm is an excellent textile material and the commercial activity in this realm attests to that. Its mechanical properties, however, are rather modest. This has been attributed to the fact that superior mechanical characteristics are not required in the cocoon. On the other hand, in spider s orb-web silk, the spider needs a fiber that can absorb the impact of the falling insect prey. Hence, the need for superior mechanical characteristics. 

Hauser P J and Marco F W, Textile materials having durable soil release and moisture transport characteristics and process for producing same , US Patent4,164,392, assigned to Deering Milliken Inc., 1979. 

The technologies to imitate the silk woven and knitted fabrics have not been limited not only to merely match the hands, but to draw out broader characteristics, and then independently stepped forward. As a result of it, the textile materials able to express beauties of silhouettes for feminines, have been created, and they are presumably well known as the fabrics beyond genuine natural materials. 

Some textile materials which have direct contact with the skin could induce, depending on its chemical composition, an irritation condition characteristic of sensitive skins. This fact, which could be a problem, has allowed the forthcoming of an irmovative development in the textile sector. The smart textiles besides promoting the classical function of covering the skin, could be the appropriate substrates to progressively and continuously deliver some >ecific compounds, previously applied on the textile, to protect and rcMorce the barrier function of the skin. Therefore, the sensitive skin cases detected by the dermatologists or declared by the consumer may be decreased. 

Indoor air quality can be adversely affected by materials that emit pollutants (primary emitters), as well as by materials that sorb and reemit pollutants [16]. In the United States, the Occnpational Safety and Health Administration (USHA) proposed an indoor air qnality mie that will affect 21 million workers and that will require the development and implementation of indoor air compliance programs [20]. At this time, primary emissions from several process residues (chemical finishing, dyeing, printing, assembly, and prodnct fabrication) are under study [16, 20]. In addition, sorption/reemission characteristics of textile materials are of interest. Tests of air emissions from various products including draperies have been done. In one stndy, drapes were found to emit indoor air pollutants... 

Resin treated n. Usually a term descriptive of a textile material that has received an external resin application for stiffening or an internal fiber treatment (especially of cel-lulosics) to give wrinkle resistance or permanent press characteristics. 

Manufacturing nonwovens using recycied fibers containing spandex 161 Table 10.10 Oil spill clean-up characteristics of various fibrous textile materials ... 

As mentioned above, heat and mass transfer in textile materials is a complex phenomenon that includes several mechanisms. Textile material properties significantly influence these mechanisms. Several researchers studied the effect of these properties on heat and mass transfers at three different levels (1) the microscopic level (chemical composition, morphological characteristics, fineness, cross-section, porosity, and water content of the component fibers), (2) the mesoscopic level (yam structure and properties), and (3) the macroscopic level (the fabric s physical and stmctural characteristics and finishing treatments) [3,22,23]. Thus, in the following section, heat transfer properties, such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal absorptivity, and thermal emissivity and mass transfer properties, such as water vapor transmission and liquid water transmission, will be defined at fiber, yam, and fabric levels. 

Nonwovens are one of the fastest growing textile sectors with diverse applications. These applications have an extensive list, ranging from baby diapers to high performance geotextiles. The essential requirements of these applications are good understanding of the raw material characteristics and process parameters in order to achieve the desired product properties. 

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