Tetramines aliphatic

Formic Aldehyde.—This aldehjde, H. CHO, is the lowest member of the aliphatic series. It has been found, but rarely, in the distUlation waters of a few essential oils. It can be identified by evaporation on a watsr-bath with ammonia when crystals of hexamethylene-tetramine are formed. 

The aliphatic amines, including triethylene tetramine (TETA) and diethylene triamine (DETA), are highly alkaline (pH 13-14), caustic, and volatile and may cause severe... 

Subsequently copper-catalyzed ATRA reactions were developed continuously and the progress was reviewed thoroughly (reviews [281-286]). Therefore, only selected recent examples are highlighted here. A number of ligands (Fig. 55), such as TMEDA, aliphatic tri- and tetramines 214, 215, or 216, PyBOX derivatives 5, bipyridines 26, terpyridines 8, bis- or tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines 217 and 218, picolinaldehyde imines 219, tris(pyrazolyl)borates 220, or thionophosphates 221 [287], were applied successfully. Phenanthrolines or the bis(TPMA) ligand (cf. Part 2, Fig. 13) also proved valuable to perform ATRA under mild conditions at... 

The mechanisms of radiation damage and effects of hardeners were studied recently by pulse radiolysis [89], The epoxy resins require a relatively large amount of curing agents (hardeners), most of them are aromatic and aliphatic amines such as diamino diphenyl methane or triethylene tetramine. On the basis of the emission spectra and kinetic behavior of excited states observed, the radiation resistance of aromatic and aliphatic amine curing epoxy resin was explained by internal radiation protection effects due to energy transfer. 

The most widely used epoxy systems are those which are based on pure epoxy resins, hardened with a curing agent. Curing of epoxy resins containing two epoxy groups per molecule can be readily accomplished by the addition of primary polyamines, such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetra-ethylene pentamine, etc. Aliphatic polyamines produce cured resins with the greatest chemical resistance. However, these systems have inadequate durability, weather resistance and film-forming properties. They are sensitive to humidity, errors in addition rates are quite possible, and the catalysts are relatively toxic. 

Some of the first commercial conductive epoxy adhesives were simply based on silver powder dispersed in a liquid epoxy resin [e.g., diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)] with an aliphatic amine [e.g., triethylene tetramine (TETA)] as a curing agent. Although capable of room-temperature cure, commercialization of this type of system was hampered by severe mix ratio disparity (typically, 50 1 by weight), problematic mixing due to viscosity differences, short pot life, and safety concerns. See Table 3 for typical properties of this type of formulation. 

These are widely used because the curing of the epoxies takes place at room temperature. High exothermic temperatures develop during the curing reaction that limit the mass of material that can be cured. The electrical and physical properties of these aliphatic-cured resins had the greatest tendency toward degradation of electrical and physical properties at elevated temperatures. Typical aliphatic amines used include diethylene triamine (DETA) and triethylene tetramine (TETA). 

This reaction was initially reported by Delepine in 1895. It is the preparation of primary aliphatic amines by acidic hydrolysis of quaternary amines formed from alkyl halides and urotropine (i.e., hexamethylene tetramine). Therefore, this reaction is generally known as... 

Poly(l,l-dihydroperfluoroalkyl acrylates) are obtained in the following manner Aliphatic carboxylic acids are fluorinated electrochemically. The resulting perfluorocarboxylic acids, CF3(Cp2)jcCOOH, are hydrogenated in the form of their acyl chlorides or esters, and the resulting 1,1-dihydroper-fluoroalcohols are esterified with acrylyl chloride. The monomers are polymerized with K2S2O8 in aqueous emulsion. Oil-resistant elastomers result from vulcanization of these polymers with sulfur/triethylene tetramine. Poly(l,l-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylate) and poly(3-perfluoromethoxy-l,l-dihydroperfluoropropyl acrylate) are commercially available. 

Many different aliphatic and aromatic polyamines are available for cross-linking epoxy resins. Some of these are ethylenediamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and many others. Among the aromatic polyamine are / -phenylene diamine, /n-phenylene diamine, 4,4 -diaminodiphenyl-methane, and diaminodiphenylsulfone. 

With aliphatic tetramines Ti(den)2Cl3 296.6 850 c. 1.42 Gouy susceptibilities 68M11... 

Polymeric amido-amine alkoxylated trietylene tetramine Adducts of aliphatic amines with mono- and diepoxides and ketones (i.e. amine-epoxy adducts) Diethylenetriamine-ethylene oxide adduct Ethylene diamine adduct to solid epoxy Triethylenetetramine-propylene oxide adduct... 

The general process used to synthesise aromatic polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) is presented in Section 4.3.3. More detailed information can be found in previously published books [87,88]. During 1960-1970 a number of publications, comparable to those on polyimides, reported the synthesis and properties of all aromatic and aryl-aliphatic polybenzimidazoles. Most of these polymers were prepared by the two-step process illustrated in Fig. 14 with the reaction of 1,3-benzenedicar-boxylic acid diphenyl ester 27 and [l,l -biphenyl]-3,3, 4,4 -tetramine 11 yielding ultimately PBI 29. All the applications - laminates and filament winding resins, adhesives, fibres and foams - used polymer 29, which was produced in semicommercial quantities by the Whittaker Corporation (Narmco Division) under the generic trade mark Imidite . Currently, forty years later, this polymer is manufactured by Hoechst-Celanese and its only commercial success is in the area of heat resistant fibres and fabrics. It is, however, worth noting the adhesive properties of this polymer and the reasons explaining the major obstacles to the development of PBIs as heat-resistant adhesives. 

With aliphatic tetramines Wth hexamethylenetetramine [NiCl2 (CH2)6N4 2] = room 3.5 Gouy pseudo-tetrahedral coordination suggested 71B48... 

The structure of the metal coordination compounds with such aliphatic amines as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, and so on is the combination of the closed chelate rings (Schemes 16-18)... 

The aliphatic polyamines most commonly used to cure epoxides are diethyleunine triamine (DETA) and triethylene tetramine (TETA). These are both pungent, low viscosity hquids and they are commonly used with the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A type resins, where rapid low temperature cures are required. Three other commonly used poly amines are ethylene diamine (EDA), tetramethylene pentamine (TEPA) and diethylaminopropylamine (DEAPA)... 

With aliphatic tetramines With triethylenetetramine [CuBr(trien)]Br [Cul(trien)] ... 

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