Tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin

Much publicity has been given to 2,4,5-T. A trace impurity called 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin (TCDD) has been called the most toxic small molecule known to humans. TCDD kills animals and causes birth defects at lower levels than any other chemical tested in the laboratoiy. In... 

Olson, J.R., M.A. Holscher, and R.A. Neal. 1980a. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/J-dioxin in the golden Syrian hamster. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55 67-78. 

T. M. Schnorr et al., Spontaneous Abortion, Sex Ratio, and Paternal Occupational Exposure to 2,5,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin, Environ. Health Perspect. 109 (2001) 1127-52. 

Fly ash from municipal waste and industrial waste incinerators contains polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), including tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin (TCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), which are lipophiles, and heavy metals, including chromium, copper, manganese, vanadium, and lead, which are hydrophilesJ29-31 These chemicals have multiple toxicities and are known to impact the human liver, immune system, respiratory system, thyroid, male reproductive function, and CNS J32 34l Several are human carcinogensJ32 35 Enhanced toxic effects are observed in the mixtures of some of theseJ21,22 36 The mixtures of toxicants present in fly ash are complex and the mechanisms for their action on the human body are largely unknown. It is known that occupational exposure to fly... 

Luebeck, E. G., Buchmann, A., Stinchcombe, S., Moolgavkar, S. H., and Schwarz, M. (2000). Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/j-dioxin on initiation and promotion of GST-P-positive foci in rat Uver A quantitative analysis of experimental data using a stochastic model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 167, 63-73. 

Tetrachlorodibenzo-j -dioxin (2.28a), the much-discussed contaminant of trichlorophenol, is taken up by a receptor protein in the cytosol of liver, then transported to the nucleus where it induces cytochrome P-450 and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. These seem to be beneficial properties, but in some strains of mice it induces expression of other genes which effects cellular involution, division, and differentiation, presumably using a normal cell-... 

Heat Stability of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- -dioxin. A sample boat containing 1-3 mg of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was placed in a Sargent Tube Heater (Model J-807) which contained a 1/2 inch i.d. quartz tube. Air was aspirated through the tube at a velocity of 0.02 ft/sec. This velocity gave a residence time of 21 sec. (Residence time was extended by connecting a second heater in series with the first.)... 

Murray, J. S., P. Evans, and P. Politzer. 1990. A Comparative Analysis of the Electrostatic Potentials of Some Structural Analogues of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and of Related Aromatic Systems. Int. J. Quant. Chem. 37, 271. 

Poland, A., and J. C. Knutson. 1982. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Related Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons Examination of the Mechanism of Toxicity. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 22, 517. 

Data from Kociba, R.J. and B.A. Schwetz. 1982b. A review of the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) with a comparison to the toxicity of other chlorinated dioxin isomers. 

Aulerich, R.J., S.J. Bursian, and A.C. Napolitano. 1988. Biological effects of epidermal growth factor and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on developmental parameters of neonatal mink. Arch. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 27-31. 

Barsotti, D.A., L.J. Abrahamson, and J.R. Allen. 1979. Hormonal alterations in female rhesus monkeys fed a diet containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 463-469. 

Birnbaum, L.S., H. Weber, M.W. Harris, J.C. Lamb IV, and J.D. McKinney. 1985. Toxic interaction of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin increased incidence of cleft palate in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77 292-302. 

Hektoen, H., A. Bernhoft, K. Ingebrigtsen, J.U. Skaare, and A. Goksoyr. 1994. Response of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and cod (Gadus morhua) to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). Aquat. Toxicol. 28 97-106. 

Johnson, R.D., J.E. Tietge, K.M. Jensen, J.D. Fernandez, A.L. Linnum, D.B. Lothenbach, G.W. Holcombe, P.M. Cook, S.A. Christ, D.L. Lattier, and D.A. Gordon. 1998. Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to early life stage brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) following parental dietary exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2408-2421. 

Kleeman, J.M., J.R. Olson, S.M. Chen, and R.E. Peterson. 1986a. Metabolism and disposition of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rainbow trout. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 83 391-401. 

Moore, R.W., C.L. Potter, H.M. Theobald, J.A. Robinson, and R.E. Peterson. 1985. Androgenic deficiency in male rats treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79 99-111. 

Newsted, J.L. and J.P. Giesy. 1992. The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on epidermal growth factor binding and protein kinase activity in the RTH-149 rainbow trout hepatoma cell line. Aquat. Toxicol. 23 119-135. 

Ryan, J.J., B.P.Y. Lau, J.A. Hardy, W.B. Stone, P. O Keefe, and J.F. Gierthy. 1986. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related dioxins and furans in snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) tissues from the upper St. Lawrence River. Chemosphere 15 537-548. 

Smith, I.R., B. Marchant, M.R. van den Heuvel, J.H. Clemons, and J. Frimeth. 1994. Embryonic mortality, bioassay derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents, and organochlorine contaminants in Pacific salmon from Lake Ontario. Jour. Great Lakes Res. 20 497-509. 

Spitsbergen, J.M., J.M. Kleeman, and R.E. Peterson. 1988b. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity in yellow perch (Perea flavescens). Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 23 359-383. 

Van der Weiden, M.E.J., R. Bleumink, W. Seinen, and M. Van den Berg. 1994. Concurrence of P450 1A induction and toxic effects in the mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), after administration of a low dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Aquat. Toxicol. 29 147-162. 

Van Ness, G.F., J.G. Solch, M.L. Taylor, and T.O. Tieman. 1980. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in chemical wastes, aqueous effluents and soils. Chemosphere 9 553-563. 

Vos, J.G. 1978. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin effects and mechanisms. Pages 165-176 in C. Ramel (ed.). Chlorinated Phenoxy Acids and Their Dioxins. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 27. 

Walker, M.K., P.M. Cook, A.R. Batterman, B.C. Butterworth, C. Berini, J.J. Libal, L.C. Hufnagle, and R.E. Peterson. 1994. Translocation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from adult female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to oocytes effects on early life stage development and sac fry survival. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 1410-1419. 

Brunstrom, B. and J. Lund. 1988. Differences between chick and turkey embryos in sensitivity to 3,3, 4,4 -tetrachlorobiphenyl and in concentration/affinity of the hepatic receptor for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 91C 507-512. 

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