Tetracaine ,

Tetracaine, which is metabolized slowly by pseudocholinesterase, has a relatively long duration of action. 

Lidocaine is effective in producing analgesia when administered by infiltration, or by nerve, epidural, caudal, and spinal block. In addition, it is effective when applied topically, with an onset of action of 5 min and a duration of action of 15 to 30 min. Lidocaine (1.5 pg/ml) is the agent of choice for the acute suppression of most ventricular arrhythmias. 

Mepivacaine, which is ineffective topically, is used for infiltration plus nerve, epidural, and caudal block. Its potency and speed of action are similar to those of lidocaine. 

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Tetracaine (20, X = H, R = R = is primarily used in spinal anesthesia providing a slow onset, high potency, and a long duration of... 

Terolidine 2, 56 Tesicam T79 Tesimide 296 Testolactone 160 Testosterone cypionate 1, 172 Testosterone decanoate T, 172 Testosterone propionate 1, 172 Tetrabenazine 350 Tetracaine 1, 110 Tetracycline 1, 212 Tetrahydrocannabinol, A-1, 1, 394... 

Tetracaine is a substance used medicinally as a spinal anesthetic during lumbar punctures (spinal taps). 

Testosterone, conformation of, 129 molecular model of, 129 structure and function of, 1082 Tetracaine, structure of, 967 Tetrahedral geometry, conventions for drawing. 8... 

The ending caine stems from cocaine, the first clinically employed local anaesthetic. Procaine and tetracaine are ester-linked substances, the others are amides. Amide bonded local anaesthetics usually contain two i s in their name, ester-bonded only one. In the structure drawings, the lipophilic portion of the molecule is depicted at the left, the amine at the right. The asterisk marks the chiral centre of the stereoisomeric drugs. Lipid solubility is given as the logarithm of the water octanol partition coefficient, log(P). 

Anaesthetics such as lidocaine and tetracaine reversibly block the generation and conduction of action potentials in primary afferent fibres without inducing systemic effects when applied locally to dermatotomes. Their... 

They decrease the CICR activity without changing the Ca2+ sensitivity. Tetracaine is more potent than procaine. It should be noted that some local anaesthetics, e.g. dibucaine may stimulate CICR. 

Some other anesthetics with similar structures are prilocaine, tetracaine, ropivacaine, bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, and mepivacaine ... 

C7H7NO2 I50-I3-0) see Bentiromide Methotrexate Nafamostat Otilonium bromide Tetracaine... 

C4H,jBr 109-65-9) see Bufexamac Bupivacaine Butylscopolammonium bromide Oxybuprocaine Tetracaine sec-butyl bromide... 

C4H,N0 108-01-0) see Aclatonium napadisilate Bromazine Chloroquine Deanol acetamidobenzoate Diphenhydramine Medrylamine Orphenadrine Pirisudanol Quinisocaine Suxamethonium chloride Tetracaine Tromanladine... 

Local anesthetics interact with peripheral nerve cell membranes and exert a pharmacological effect [34]. Potential oscillation was measured in the presence of 20 mM hydrochlorides of procaine, lidocaine, tetracaine, and dibucaine (structures shown in Fig. 16) [19]. Amplitude and the oscillatory and induction periods changed, the extent depending on the... 

FIG. 16 Chemical structures of (a) procaine hydrochloride, (b) lidocaine hydrochloride, (c) tetracaine hydrochloride, and (d) dibucaine hydrochloride. 

Local anesthetics Dibucaine Procaine Tetracaine Lidocaine Benzyl alcohol... 

FIG. 1 Molecular structures of the drugs examined in the delivery study the general anesthetics, alkanols (I), halothane (II), enflurane (III), isoflurane (IV), halogenated cyclobutane (V) the local anesthetics, dibucaine hydrochloride (VI), procaine hydrochloride (VII), tetracaine hydrochloride (VIII), lidocaine hydrochloride (IX), benzyl alcohol (X) the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (XI), and alkylbenzenes, benzene (XII), toluene (XIII), ethylbenzene (XIV), and propylbenzene (XV). 

Local anesthetics are positively charged amphiphiles in solution. We have selected hydrochlorides of dibucaine (DBC H ), procaine (PRC H ), tetracaine (TTC H ), and lido-caine (LDC H ). All of these drugs are structurally similar they consist of the substituted benzene ring and tertiary amine moieties, as shown by (VI)-(IX) in Fig. 1. The presence of the positive charge increases the solubility in water and in consequence, the anesthetic efficiency. 

Higuchi and Lachman [122] pioneered the approach of improving drug stability by complexation. They showed that aromatic esters can be stabilized in aqueous solutions in the presence of xanthines such as caffeine. Thus, the half-lives of benzocaine, procaine hydrochloride, and tetracaine are increased by approximately two- to fivefold in the presence of 2.5% caffeine. This increase in stability is attributed to the formation of a less reactive complex between caffeine and the aromatic ester. Professor K. A. Connors has written a comprehensive textbook that describes methods for the measurement of binding constants for complex formation in solution—along with discussions of pertinent thermodynamics, modeling statistics,... 

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