Tetanus Structure

Ledoux, D.N., Be, X.H. and Singh, B.R., Quaternary structure of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins as probed by chemical cross-linking and native gel electrophoresis, Toxicon, 32, 1095-1104, 1994. 

Well-rotted manures improve soil structure and water-holding capacity, and supply nitrogen, potassium, and other plant foods. Their nutrient content will vary with the proportion of manure and urine to straw or other bedding, and on whether they have been stored under cover or outdoors in the rain. However, they should be medium- to high-fertility soil improvers. Apply at a rate of one or two wheelbarrow loads (12-24 gal) per 50 sq ft (50-100 liters/5 sq m). When handling any animal-based product, keep cuts covered, wash your hands under running water before handling food, and be sure your tetanus vaccination is up to date. 

Helting, T.B. Zwisler, 0. Wiegandt, H. Structure of tetanus toxin. II. Toxin binding to ganglioside. J. Biol. Chem., 1977,... 

Several groups have studied the effects on the muscle low-angle diffraction pattern of applying various mechanical perturbations to steady-state structures, either isometric contractions or rigor muscle at various strain levels. Huxley et al. (1981, 1983) used whole frog muscles and followed the effects of step changes of length of various amplitudes applied at the plateau of an otherwise isometric tetanus. They studied the effects on the M3 intensity as a whole. More recendy, with the two components of the active M3 resolved, Huxley et al. (2003) and Reconditi et al. (2003) have studied the separate behavior of these components. Huxley et al. (2003) found that the intensity ratio of the M30 to M3 varied from an initial value... 

Breidenbach MA, Brunger AT (2005a) 2.3 A crystal structure of tetanus neurotoxin light chain. Biochemistry 44 7450-7... 

Montecucco C, Schiavo G (1995) Structure and function of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Q Rev Biophys 28 423-72... 

Pellizzari R, Rossetto O, Lozzi L, Giovedi S, Johnson E et al. (1996) Structural determinants of the specificity for synaptic vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin of tetanus and botulinum type B and G neurotoxins. J Biol Chem 271 20353-8 Pellizzari R, Mason S, Shone CC, Montecucco C (1997) The interaction of synaptic vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin with botulinum neurotoxins D and F. FEBS Lett 409 339 12... 

Schiavo G, Papini E, Genna G, Montecucco C (1990) An intact interchain disulfide bond is required for the neurotoxicity of tetanus toxin. Infect Immun 58 4136 11 Scott AB, Magoon EH, McNeer KW, Stager DR (1989) Botulinum treatment of strabismus in children. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 87 174-180 discussion 180 1 Scott D (1997) Phospholipase A2 structure and catalytic properties. In Kini R (ed) Venom phospholipase A2 enzymes structure, function and mechanism. John Wiley Sons, Chichester, p 97-128. 

Westerlund B, Nordlund P, Uhlin U, Eaker D, Eklund H (1992) The three-dimensional structure of notexin, a presynaptic neurotoxic phospholipase A2 at 2.0 A resolution. FEBS Lett 301 159-64 Williamson LC, Neale EA (1994) Bafilomycin Al inhibits the action of tetanus toxin in spinal cord neurons in cell culture. J Neurochem 63 2342-5... 

Yamasaki S, Hu Y, Binz T, Kalkuhl A, Kurazono H et al. (1994) Synaptobrevin/vesicle-assodated membrane protein (VAMP) of aplysia califomica structure and proteolysis by tetanus toxin and botubnal neurotoxins type D and F. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 4688-92... 

Simplified structure of synthetic oligosaccharide fragment-protein conjugates using thiol-maleimido chemistry, (a) Conjugation of synthetic Hib-CPS fragment to thiolated Tetanus Toxoid, (b) Conjugation of Plasmodium falciparum synthetic pentasaccharide to KLH... 

Future important discoveries will be the identification of the neuron-specific receptors of CNTs and of the mode of internalization and membrane translocation of the neurotoxins. Another important line of research is aimed at finding specific inhibitors of these metallo-proteinases. Inhibitors which can cross the neuronal plasmalemma into the cytosol would be potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of tetanus and botulism. The modification of BoNTs to prolong their life time inside the NMJs would be an important research goal to improve the treatment of dystonias. The determination of the three-dimensional structure of these neurotoxins will greatly accelerate the research on these fronts. 

Hayashi T, Yamasaki S, Nauenburg S, Binz T, Niemann H (1995) Disassembly of the reconstituted synaptic vesicle membrane fusion complex in vitro. In EMBOJ. 14 2317-25 Melting TB, Zwisler O (1977) Structure of tetanus toxin. In J. Biol. Chem. 252 187-93 Hohne-Zell B, Ecker A, Weller U, Gratzl M (1994) Synaptobrevin cleavage by tetanus toxin light chain is linked to inhibition of exocytosis in chromaffin cells. In FEBS Lett. 355 131 -4... 

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