Test specimen, schematic diagram

FIGURE 3.36 Impact test, (a) Schematic diagram of Charpy impact testing machine, (b) Arrangement of Charpy impact specimen, (c) Mounting of Izod impact specimen. 

Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA). Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) measures shape stability of a material at elevated temperatures by physically penetrating it with a metal rod. A schematic diagram of TMA equipment is shown in Fig. 2.23. In TMA, the test specimen s temperature is raised at a constant rate, the sample is placed inside the measuring device, and a rod with a specified weight is placed on top of it. To allow for measurements at low temperatures, the sample, oven, and rod can be cooled with liquid nitrogen. 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of test specimen Ni film of thickness, t, on PET substrate of width w strained in direction of arrows. Dotted lines represent brittle cracking. The x-coordinate is measured in the direction of strain from the edge of a film segment.

Figure 14.37 (a) Schematic diagram of an impact test machine, (b) Geometry of the specimen in the Izod and Charpy tests. 

Fig. 17 shows the Jenike shear cell in a schematic diagram a circular (internal diameter 95 mm), open-ended shear box is split horizontally, the base is immobile and the ring can slide freely in the horizontal direction. The normal stress, which is applied via the lid, is first used to consolidate the specimen and then to load it during test. 

Figure 12.11. Schematic diagrams of various specimens used for fracture mechanics testing of flexible polymeric materials. P = Applied load [Young, 1988].

Figure 9 Schematic diagram of glow wire test (I EC 69 5 2 1)1. Test specimen. 2. Test specimen mounting.. 1. Device for applying 1 newton load. 4. Hot needle probe.

Figure 17 Schematic diagram of cone calorimeter for determining rate of heat release (ISO 5660 1) and smoke (draft ISO 5660 -2). 1. Load cell. 2. Test specimen. 3. Spark igniter. 4. Conical radiant heater. 5. Exhaust hood. 6. Gas sampling probe. 7. Laser, photocell. smoke delcimining system. 8. Pressure (velocity) measurement. 9. Exhaust fan.

Figure 18 Schematic diagram ofNBS smoke test ASTM E662). 1. Radiant heater. 2. Vertical test specimen. 3. Pilot ignition flames. 4. Photocell light path.

Figure 19 Schematic diagram for cone radiator specimen holder system used inside NBS smoke test cabinet for smoke test (ISO 5659- 2). 1. Test specimen holder. 2. Cone radiant heater. 3. Igniter. 4. To load cell.

Figure 21 Schematic diagram of apparatus to assess the corrosivity of fire gases by measuring pH and conductivity (lEC 754 2). 1. Air inlet. 2. Air cleaning filters.. V Flow meter. 4. Thermocouple. 5. Quartz glass tube. 6. Test specimen in boat. 7. Furnace. 8. Gas absorbing solutions.

Figure 24 Schematic diagram of smoke toxicity apparatus (DIN 53436). I. Combustion air. 2. Quartz glass tube. 3. Test specimen in boat. 4. Travelling furnace. 5. Thermocouple. 6. Dilution air (for animal exposures). 7. Gas mixing chamber (if used). 8. Animal exposure tubes (if used). 9. To gas analyzers., oie Items 6, 7, and 8 not always used.

Figure 25 Schematic diagram of room calorimeter test (ISO 7905). 1. Room. 2. Gas burner ignition source. 3. Room exit door. 4. Hood. 5. Fire gas mixing baffles. 6. Gas sampling, temperatures, and velocity probes, smoke measuring sensors. 7. Exhaust fan. Note Furniture calorimeter is similar but without room. Test. specimen is burned directly under hood (NT Fire 032).

Figure 19.4 Schematic diagrams showing common fracture test geometries. Single edge-notched (a) three-point-bend, (b) tensile and (c) compact tensiem tests, each using specimens with razor-sharpened notches, are employed for fracture mechanics measurements of fracture toughness and fracture energy. The Izod (d) arxl Chatpy (e) tests are widely practised in industry to evaluate toughness, but use bluntly notched (or un tched) specimens and do not give fracture mechanics data...

The figure also shows a schematic diagram of load vs displacement plots describing the procedure for determination of the critical load in a linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) test (see Fig. 10.1c). The determination of Ki is dependent on testing the material under conditions in which it exhibits essentially linear-elastic behavior indicative of a plastic zone that is very small relative to flaw size and specimen dimensions, the domain of LEFM. The equations for the compact specimen and three-point bend specimen are as follows ... 

The two most common specimen types used to measure fracture toughness are (a) the three-point bend specimen shown schematically, and (b) the compact specimen shown mounted in grips with a clip gage extensometer attached. Panel (c) shows a schematic diagram of various types of load vs displacement plots describing the determination of an LEFM test (ASTM, 2013c). 

The standardised pin bearing test methods specify the test fixture geometry, material specimen, pin and hole dimensions and their tolerances as well as details of the test procedure. Bearing compression failure is induced at the pin-hole contact interface within the composite material specimen by means of axial tension applied to the rig and specimen. A schematic diagram of the test set-up and test specimen is shown in Fig. 13.24(a). 

Figure 12.22 Schematic diagram of test specimen for essential work of fracture test...

Let us assume that a porous medium is isotropic (% = kSij). We briefly describe a method to determine the hydraulic conductivity k through an experiment. Figure 5.5 shows the schematic diagram of a constant head permeability test, in which the flow rate Q is measured as a volume per unit time. If the differential head is fixed as A/t, and the cross section and length of the specimen are A and L, respectively, the hydraulic conductivity k is calculated as... 

In this test, water was first imbibed by a specimen of Kunigel VI that was constrained from movement at both ends, allowing the developed swelling pressure to reach a constant value. Next, a short-term test sequence of consolidation and unloading was performed to obtain the compression index A and the swelling index k. After this procedure, a constant stress was applied and the displacement was measured. The procedure employed in the experiments is outlined in Table 10.1 and a schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 10.1. 

Figure 3. Schematic diagrams for single fibre pull-out test and specimen for fibre attached on a card-board window.

The test apparatus consists of a radiant panel with an air and gas supply, a specimen holder, a pilot burner, a stack, thermocouples, a hood with an exhaust blower, a radiation pyrometer, a timer, and an automatic potentiometer recorder. Figure 8-10 is a schematic diagram of a radiant panel test apparatus. 

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