Teratogenic activity and

Figure 2.7 Two steroidal alkaloids from Solanum spp. (a) a-chaconine, with teratogenic activity, and (b) tomatidine, non-teratogenic alkaloid.

Several studies have examined the safety of cow s foot in pregnant diabetic and healthy rats using an orally administered aqueous extract at doses of 500 mg/kg on gestational days (GD) 0 to 4, 600 mg/kg on GD 5 to 14, and 1000 mg/ kg on GD 15 to 20. No teratogenic activity and no effects on maternal weight gain, reproductive performance, or fetal or placental development were observed. Treatment with cow s foot reduced the number of skeletal abnormalities and visceral malformations observed in offspring of... 

Noda T, Morita S, Baba A (1994) Enhanced teratogenic activity of di-n-butyltin diaeetate by carbon tetrachloride pretreatment in rats. Food and Chemioal Toxicology, 32(4) 321-327. 

In summary, preliminary results from two animal models (rabbit and mouse) indicate that poly(N-palmitoylhydroxyproline ester) elicits a very mild, local tissue response that compares favorably with the responses observed for established biomaterials such as medical grade stainless steel or poly(lactic acid)/poly(glycolic acid) implants. At this point, additional assays need to be performed to evaluate possible allergic responses, as well as systemic toxic effects, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic activity, and adaptive responses. 

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and direct renin inhibitors are contraindicated in sexually active girls because of potential teratogenic effect and in those who might have bilateral renal artery stenosis or unilateral stenosis in a solitary kidney. 

Another location with high prostaglandin-synthase activity and low P450 levels is the fetus, and it has been proposed that the teratogenicities of benzo[a]pyrene and phenytoin are due to cyclooxygenase-mediated bioactivation of these agents (45,46). 

Metabolites 4.203 and 4.205 were minor. Metabolite 4.204 was the main product in rats and dogs. Toxicological investigations revealed that, of the twelve hydrolysis products of thalidomide, only the three containing the intact phthalimido moiety show teratogenic activity, namely metabolites 4.202, 4.203, and 4.205) [132] [133],... 

MImosIne - cytotoxicity and teratogenic activity In rats and thyrotoxic... 

Figure 2.1 Piperidine ring (a) and three functionalities of three carbons or larger that impart teratogenic activity (b) coniine, (c) anabasine, and (d) ammodendrine.

Retinoic acid works through a family of retinoic acid receptors. Activated retinoic acid receptors act as transcription factors, just as activated steroid receptors do (chapter 20), and alter the transcription of genes affecting cell division and survival. This underlies both the teratogenic potential and the therapeutic utilities of these potent molecules. 

Braun AG, Busby WF, Liber HL, et al. 1987. Chemical and toxicological characterization of residential oil burner emissions 2. Mutagenic, tumorigenic, and potential teratogenic activity. Environ Health Perspect 73 235-246. 

Residue must be < 0.1 ppm in meat and < 10 ppb in milk and eggs. + - If teratogenic activity is demonstrated, the safety factor is 1,000 may also be < 100 when human exposure data are available or when a sensitive measurement is used to set a no-effect concentration. 

Schumacher H et al (1972) The teratogenic activity of a thalidomide analogue, EM in rabbits, rats and monkeys. Teratology 5 233-240... 

Teratogenic activity. Resin, administered orally to pregnant rabbits at a dose of 1 mL/ kg, was active k Alcohol extract of the dried leaves, administered intragastrically to pregnant rats at a dose of 125 mg/kg from days 7 to 16 of gestation, was active. The fetuses showed several gross abnormalities, visceral anomalies, and skeletal mal-formations . Water extract of the dried... 

K. Srivastava. Antifertility and teratogenic activity of Cannabis sativa in rats. Fitoterapia 1991 62(1) 69-71. 

Sullivan, F.M. and McElhatton, P.R. (1975) Teratogenic activity of the antiepileptic drugs phenobarbital, phenytoin, and primidone in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 24 271—282. 

Landauer, W. and E.M. Clark. 1964. On the role of riboflavin in the teratogenic activity of boric acid. Jour. Exp. Zool. 156 307-312. 

Bojic, U., Elmazar, M.M.A., Hauck, R.-S. and Nau, H. (1996) Further branching of valproate-related carboxylic acids reduces the teratogenic activity, but not the anticonvulsant effect. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9, 866-870. 

Triclabendazole is a very potent anthelminthic used against all stages of liver flukes in sheep, goats, and cattle at dosages of 10-12 mg/kg bw. This drug does not exhibit nematocidal activity and is not teratogenic. 

---