Temporal diagnostic

Laser Raman diagnostic teclmiques offer remote, nonintnisive, nonperturbing measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution [158], This is particularly advantageous in the area of combustion chemistry. Physical probes for temperature and concentration measurements can be debatable in many combustion systems, such as furnaces, internal combustors etc., since they may disturb the medium or, even worse, not withstand the hostile enviromnents [159]. Laser Raman techniques are employed since two of the dominant molecules associated with air-fed combustion are O2 and N2. Flomonuclear diatomic molecules unable to have a nuclear coordinate-dependent dipole moment caimot be diagnosed by infrared spectroscopy. Other combustion species include CFl, CO2, FI2O and FI2 [160]. These molecules are probed by Raman spectroscopy to detenuine the temperature profile and species concentration m various combustion processes. 

X-ray absorption is a well understood process. It provides precise quantification of e.g., contrast agent concentration in the tissue or body cavities and excellent spatial and temporal resolution. Diagnostic applications do not require advancing the X-ray source... 

The phenotype and clinical presentation of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN) are similar to those of HIV-associated DSP. However, ATN is more likely to be painful, and has an abrupt onset and rapid progression. The main diagnostic clue is the temporal relationship of peripheral neuropathy to the start of NRTI therapy and stabilization, or at least the partial resolution when therapy is interrupted (Moyle and Sadler 1998). ATN most often develops after a mean of 16 to 20 weeks of treatment, unless there are other conditions that lower the threshold. Symptomatic improvement over weeks to months has been reported in two thirds of patients after discontinuation of the offending drug, but may be preceded by an initial period of worsening symptoms, also known as coasting (Berger et al. 1993). Despite the improvement, most patients do not return to a completely asymptomatic state (Hoke and Comblath 2004). 

Mitra S, Wassmann R, Jain MC, Pathak H. Properties of rice soils affecting methane production potentials 1. Temporal patterns and diagnostic procedures. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 2002 64 169-182. 

There are some advantages of the temporal models of cloud chemistry associated with the concentrations of molecules at different times. Can we learn about the age of the cloud by its chemical composition or the age of an embedded star by the chemistry observed towards the object Can the molecular environment be understood from the inventory of chemicals Are there chemical diagnostics for planetary formation, star formation or even black holes All of these questions are at the frontier of Astrochemistry. 

From its commercial appearance in the early 1980s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has blossomed into a standard component of modern diagnostic clinical services. MRI has many advantages it is non-invasive, it has an exceptional temporal and... 

Friedman, Dasari, and colleagues conducted more recent structural MRI studies of children and adolescents 10 to 18 years of age, including 20 with schizophrenia, 15 with BD, and 16 healthy controls. Decreased thalamic volume (adjusted for total brain volume), decreased intracranial volume, and increased frontal and temporal sulcal size were found in the combined patient group compared to measurements in the healthy control group. However, differences were not detected between the two diagnostic groups (Dasari et ah, 1999 Friedman et ah, 1999). 

In order to delineate the origin and development of flooding with high spatial and temporal resolution in PEM fuel cell, recent research has resorted to the transparent cell design based on optical diagnostics. 

Chapters 4-6 address specific diagnostic methods in PEFCs. Martin et al. provide a detailed review of methods for distributed diagnostics of species, temperature, and current in PEFCs in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, Hussey and Jacobson describe the operational principles of neutron radiography for in-situ visualization of liquid water distribution, and also outline issues related to temporal and spatial resolution. Tsushima and Hirai describe both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for visualization of water in PEFCs and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) for measurement of water vapor concentration in Chapter 6. 

Abstract The concept of total allowable error , investigated by Westgard and co-workers over a quarter of a century for use in laboratory medicine, comprises bias as well as random elements. Yet, to minimize diagnostic misclassifi-cations, it is necessary to have spatio-temporal comparability of results. This requires trueness obtained through metrological traceability based on a calibration hierarchy. Hereby, the result is associated with a final uncertainty of measurement purged of known... 

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