Temporal character

Similarly, McGinnity has shown that incorporation of hygroscopic carriers such as sodium alginate into silicone rubber based matrix devices greatly inaeased the rate of morphine sulfate release and changed its temporal character to approximate more nearly a zero-order pattern. It was noted that inclusion of a carrier caused the device to swell considerably because of water imbibition and no doubt a complex series of events account for the effect on release rate. 

Hudnut et al. (2002) observe the postseismic displacements associated with the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake using the rapidly deployed continuous GPS network and SCIGN (Southern California Integrated GPS Network) statimis and analyze the temporal character and spatial pattern of the postseismic transients. They report that the displacements measured at some sites display statistically significant time variation in their velocity. 

The kinetic theory of liquids developed by Ya.I. Frenkel considers a liquid as a dynamic system of particles resembling in part the crystalline state. At temperatures close to the melting point, the thermal motion in liquids is mainly reduced to harmonic vibrations of particles near some average equilibrium positions. Unlike the crystalline state, these equilibriiun positions of molecules in liquid have a temporal character for each molecule. After vibrating near one equilibrium position for some time t, a molecule jumps to a new neighboring position. This jump occurs with Ihe energy consumption U, then the time of settled life t depends on temperature as follows ... 

However, even displa5dng the temporal character, the master equation (1.1) differs at the micro-scale from the consecrated Hamilton-Jacobi... 

Because of the assumed (temporal depth of two) nature of the reversibility of the underlying universal CA, causality takes on a decidedly non intuitive character the state of a given site is completely determined by the states of its nearest neighbors in space-time. Letting ag t represent the state of the site at x and time t,... 

A potential pitfall with stop-time experiments comes with temporal instability of responses. When a steady-state sustained response is observed with time, then a linear portion of the production of reporter can be found (see Figure 5.15b). However, if there is desensitization or any other process that makes the temporal responsiveness of the system change the area under the curve will not assume the linear character seen with sustained equilibrium reactions. For example, Figure 5.16 shows a case where the production of cyclic AMP with time is transient. Under these circumstances, the area under the curve does not assume linearity. Moreover, if the desensitization is linked to the strength of signal (i.e., becomes more prominent at higher stimulations) the dose-response relationship may be lost. Figure 5.16 shows a stop-time reaction dose-response curve to a temporally stable system and a temporally unstable system where the desensitization is linked to the... 

Another important consideration regarding the character of constraints, h,, is their hierarchical articulation at multiple lerels of detail. For example, suppose that one is planning the routine startup procedure for a chemical plant. Safety considerations impose the following constraint on the temporal ordering of operations ... 

In order to represent and reason with temporal information, we need to represent time explicitly and concisely. The discrete-time character of computer-aided data acquisition and control dictates that time should be represented as a sequence of strictly increasing time points ... 

Compared to the Category Test, SSP and SRT results show a relatively mixed performance profile. This profile is indicative of temporal lobe impairment and may explain the idiosyncratic character of PCP-induced brain dysfunction. Other HRB subtest data suggest that parietal lobe-mediated functions are less influenced by PCP abuse, since approximately 30 percent of this sample had error-free performances on a test sensitive to finger agnosia. 

The focus of RANS simulations is on the time-averaged flow behavior of turbulent flows. Yet, all turbulent eddies do contribute to redistributing momentum within the flow domain and by doing so make up the inherently transient character of a turbulent-flow field. In RANS, these effects of the full range of eddies are made visible via the so-called Reynolds decomposition of the NS equations (see, e.g., Tennekes and Lumley, 1972, or Rodi, 1984) of the flow variables into mean and fluctuating components. To this end, a clear distinction is required between the temporal and spatial scales of the mean flow on the one hand and those associated with the turbulent fluctuations on the other hand. 

Normally, quiescent platelets freely circulate through the vasculature, reflective of the hemocompatible character of the vascular endothelium and the anti-thrombotic nature of healthy human blood vessels. Traumatic vascular damage incites a spatially and temporally coordinated platelet transformation encompassing several major, sequential phenotypic changes platelet adhesion to subendothelial matrix components... 

The occurrence of kinetic instabilities as well as oscillatory and even chaotic temporal behavior of a catalytic reaction under steady-state flow conditions can be traced back to the nonlinear character of the differential equations describing the kinetics coupled to transport processes (diffusion and heat conductance). Studies with single crystal surfaces revealed the formation of a large wealth of concentration patterns of the adsorbates on mesoscopic (say pm) length scales which can be studied experimentally by suitable tools and theoretically within the framework of nonlinear dynamics. [31]... 

Equation (5.39) is not used in mass transport calculations near a wall or interface because the unsteady character of mass transport in this region is very important, and equation (5.40) is for a temporal mean velocity profile. This will be discussed further in Chapter 8. 

Interfacial transfer of chemicals provides an interesting twist to our chemical fate and transport investigations. Even though the flow is generally turbulent in both phases, there is no turbulence across the interface in the diffusive sublayer, and the problem becomes one of the rate of diffusion. In addition, temporal mean turbulence quantities, such as eddy diffusion coefficient, are less helpful to us now. The unsteady character of turbulence near the diffusive sublayer is crucial to understanding and characterizing interfacial transport processes. 

The eddy diffusion coefficients that we introduced in Chapter 5 were steady quantities, using mean turbulence quantities (e.g., the temporal mean of u C). This temporal mean character of eddy diffusion coefficients can be misleading in determining the thickness of a diffusive boundary layer because of the importance of unsteady characteristics. We will review some conceptual theories of mass transfer that have been put forward to describe the interaction of the diffusive boundary layer and turbulence. 

Let us study now a stochastic model for the particular a+ib2 -> 0 reaction with energetic interactions between the particles. The system includes adsorption, desorption, reaction and diffusion steps which depend on energetic interactions. The temporal evolution of the system is described by master equations using the Markovian behaviour of the system. We study the system behaviour at different values for the energetic parameters and at varying diffusion and desorption rates. The location and the character of the phase transition points will be discussed in detail. 

Provides information on the effects of volatile compound character, food matrix, and temporal release profiles. 

The characteristic changes brought about by fractional dynamics in comparison to the Brownian case include the temporal nonlocality of the approach manifest in the convolution character of the fractional Riemann-Liouville operator. Initial conditions relax slowly, and thus they influence the evolution of the system even for long times [62, 116] furthermore, the Mittag-Leffler behavior replaces the exponential relaxation patterns of Brownian systems. Still, the associated fractional equations are linear and thus extensive, and the limit solution equilibrates toward the classical Gibbs-B oltzmann and Maxwell distributions, and thus the processes are close to equilibrium, in contrast to the Levy flight or generalised thermostatistics models under discussion. 

If the purpose of sampling is the detailed description of the composition of an object, the character of the internal correlation has to be investigated. The methods of autocorrelation and/or semivariogram analysis, as described in Sections 6.6 and 4.4.2, may be useful for clarification of the internal spatial and/or temporal relationships existing within the parent population to be sampled. Geostatistical methods, e.g. kriging, enable undistorted estimation of the composition of unsampled locations in the area of investigation. 

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