Temperature seasonally varying

Significant economies of computation are possible in systems that consist of a one-dimensional chain of identical reservoirs. Chapter 7 describes such a system in which there is just one dependent variable. An illustrative example is the climate system and the calculation of zonally averaged temperature as a function of latitude in an energy balance climate model. In such a model, the surface temperature depends on the balance among solar radiation absorbed, planetary radiation emitted to space, and the transport of energy between latitudes. I present routines that calculate the absorption and reflection of incident solar radiation and the emission of long-wave planetary radiation. I show how much of the computational work can be avoided in a system like this because each reservoir is coupled only to its adjacent reservoirs. I use the simulation to explore the sensitivity of seasonally varying temperatures to such aspects of the climate system as snow and ice cover, cloud cover, amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and land distribution. 

These three numerical experiments show how the waters of an evaporating lagoon respond differently to the different seasonal perturbations that might affect them. Some record of these perturbations might, in principle, be preserved in the carbonate sediments precipitated in the lagoon. All three perturbations—productivity, temperature, and evaporation rate— cause seasonal fluctuations in the saturation state of the water and in the rate of carbonate precipitation. Temperature oscillations have little effect on the carbon isotopes. Although seasonally varying evaporation rates affect 14C, they have little effect on 13C. Productivity fluctuations affect both of the carbon isotopes. 

Fig. 7-9. Calculated values of seasonally varying temperatures at three latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, plotted as solid lines. Observed zonally averaged temperatures at these latitudes are plotted as symbols.

There are physical changes constantly taking place in soil. Soil temperature changes dramatically from day to night, week to week, and season to season. Even in climates where the air temperature is relatively constant, soil temperatures can vary by 20° or more from day to night. Moisture levels can change... 

Concentrations of contaminants in the atmosphere may vary significantly from time to time due to seasonal climatic variation, atmospheric turbulence, and velocity and direction of wind. The most important meteorological factors are (1) wind conditions and the gustiness of wind, (2) the humidity and precipitation, (3) the temperature, which varies with latitude and altitude, (4) barometric pressure (varying with the height above the ground), and (5) solar radiation and the hours of sunshine, which vary with the season. 

Water quality parameters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon, suspended solids, hardness) and climate-related factors (e g., temperature, precipitation) vary seasonally. This, in turn, affects the HMBC of aquatic environments. As an example, Figure 3 shows the seasonal variation of HMBC-Cu in the St John s River, Jacksonville, FL (Huang et... 

Piston flow is assumed to dominate in the Good Hope wells that have seasonally varying temperatures. ... 

The order should be reversed observation (seasonally varying temperatures) leads to the conclusion (dominance of piston flow). The term assumed is out of place. 

For air coolers, the coolant temperature may vary widely on a seasonal (or even hourly) basis. A bypass on the process side can be used, as shown in Figure 5.24c, or else a variable-speed motor can be used, as shown in Figure 5.24d. 

At an instant of time a large ambient subsystem may be at a stable equilibrium state, but the state may change with time. For example, the cooling water for a power cycle may be supplied from a large lake which, at a given instant is (more or less) uniform in temperature and composition. However, the temperature may vary significantly from season to season (as a consequence of uncontrollable influences of other systems, from outside the composite of lake and power plant). Theoretically, the... 

Southern California Gas Company s entrance into the age of electronic measurement is discussed. Prototype installations at their four out-of-state purchase points have been installed and are operating. The measurement stations are located in the California Mojave desert where temperatures may vary by as much as 50°F to 60°F or more on a daily basis and seasonably by more than 100°F. On-site energy measurement equipment has been installed at these locations and it is assumed that if the equipment will operate satisfactorily at these locations, it will operate anywhere. Plaimed future installations, and their inherent... 

The average body temperature of birds is between 38 and 42 °C (Whittow, 1986) and this is maintained throughout the seasons of the year, where temperature may vary by as much as 50 °C. As the external... 

The length of time the soap should remain in frames is dependent on the quality, quantity, and season or temperature, and varies usually from three to seven days. When the requisite period has elapsed, the sides and ends of the frames are removed, and there remains a solid block of soap weighing from 10 to 15 cwt. according to the siise of frame used. The blocks, after scraping and trimming, are ready for cutting into slabs. 

The most important conditions affecting the seasonal variability of exposure conditions are the quantity and quality of sunlight, the amount of humidity and time of wetness, and the average maximum specimen temperature. Seasonal variability can vary greatly from year to year, and must be accounted for in your test program. 

It should be noted that a number of different enzyme preparations can now be purchased directly from manufacturing chemists. It must be emphasised that the activity of an enzyme, whether purchased or prepared in the laboratory, may vary between rather wide limits. The activity is dependent on the source of the enzyme, the presence of poisons and also on the temperature. It appears, for example, that the quality of horseradish peroxidase depends upon the season of the year at which the root is obtained from the ground. It cannot be expected therefore that all the experiments described below will work always with the precision characteristic of an organic reaction proceeding under accurately known conditions. 

The high-pressure water supply service is employed for the operation of the ordinary filter pump, which finds so many applications in the laboratory. A typical all metal filter pump is illustrated in Fig. 11, 21, 1. It is an advantage to have a non-return valve fitted in the side arm to prevent sucking back if the water is turned off or if the water pressure is suddenly reduced. Theoretically, an efficient filter pump should reduce the pressure in a system to a value equal to the vapour pressure of the water at the temperature of the water of the supply mains. In practice this pressure is rarely attained (it is usually 4 10 mm. higher) because of the leakage of air into the apparatus and the higher temperature of the laboratory. The vapour pressures of water at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° are respectively 6-5, 9-2,12-8, 17 5 and 23 8 mm. respectively. It is evident that the vacuum obtained with a water pump will vary considerably with the temperature of the water and therefore with the season of the year in any case a really good vacuum cannot be produced by a filter pump. 

The API gravity of tar sand bitumen varies from 5 to ca 10°API, depending on the deposit, and the viscosity is very high. Whereas conventional cmde oils may have a high (>100 MPa-s(=cP)) viscosity at 40°C, tar sand bitumen has a viscosity on the order of 10-100 kPa-s(10 -10 P) at formation temperature (ca 0—10°C), depending on the season. This offers a formidable obstacle to bitumen recovery and, as a result of the high viscosity, bitumen is relatively nonvolatile under conditions of standard distillation (Table 4) (12,13), which influences choice of the upgrading process. 

Adaptations to Habitats. Because of Eaith s geom-etiyf and the position of its axis, the equator receives more solar energy per unit area than the polar regions. Because Earth s axis is tilted relative to the plane of Earth s orbit around the Sun, this angle of incident radiation varies seasonally. These factors, combined with Earth s rotation, establish the major patterns of temperature, air circulation, and precipitation. 

The reaction of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons with hydroxyl radicals is temperature dependent and thus varies with the seasons, although such variation in the atmospheric concentration of trichloroethylene may be minimal because of its brief residence time (EPA 1985c). The degradation products of this reaction include phosgene, dichloroacetyl chloride, and formyl chloride (Atkinson 1985 Gay et al. 1976 Kirchner et al. 1990). Reaction of trichloroethylene with ozone in the atmosphere is too slow to be an effective agent in trichloroethylene removal (Atkinson and Carter 1984). 

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