Temperature measurement introduction

J. V. N. White. Traceable Temperatures An Introduction to Temperature Measurement and Calibration. New York John Wiley ic Sons, 1994. 

For a superior introduction to this difficult topic, try Peter Rock s now classic book, Chemical Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1983. The treatment in Temperature Measurement (second edition), by Ludwik Michalski, Joseph McGhee, Krystyna Eckersdorf and Jacek Kucharski, Wiley, New York, 2001, is aimed at engineers manufacturing temperature-measuring machines, such as electrical and optical sensors, but some of its introductory material might help. 

Multiple socket lids for fitment to the flange flasks (illustrated in Fig. 2.8(c)) are shown in Fig. 2.18(a) and (b). These allow for the introduction of a great variety of standard equipment for stirring, temperature measurement, the inlet of gas, etc. The sockets may be vertical or angled at 5,10 or 15 degrees from the vertical axis. 

Nicholas JV, White DR (1994) Traceable Temperatures an introduction to temperature measurement and calibration, 1st edn. Wiley, New York, pp 22 25... 

Temperature Measurement at the midplane of Rubber Sheet. Three series of temperature measurements were of interest in this work the temperature of the mold the difference between the temperature of the mold and that measured at the midplane of rubber sheets the temperature of the rubber just before its introduction into the mold. 

It is reasonable to consider that heat transfer through the reactor wall is very fast in microsystems in comparison with macrosystems because of the high surface-to-volume ratio of microspaces as described above. However, it is rather difficult to evaluate the interior temperature of microsystems. Physical methods for temperature measurement seem to be problematic. The introduction of a thermometer inside a microsystem might change the nature of the flow, because the volume of a thermometer is not negligible in comparison with the volume of the microreaction space. It is also important to note that the heat capacity of the thermometer and heat transfer through the thermometer cannot be ignored because the volume of the solution in the microreaction space is very small. 

Introduction. Historically, low-pressure, constant-volume gas thermometers were the only primary thermometers that had the accuracy required for determining the temperatures of defining fixed points. Recent advances in thermometry have resulted in the development of several types of primary thermometers capable of accurate thermodynamic temperature measurements [5-6]. A list of present-day primary thermometers capable of thermodynamic temperature measurement includes ... 

Introduction 317 Image Guidance 317 Lesion Visualisation 317 Device Compatibility CT 317 Device Compatibility MR 319 Imaging Monitoring 320 Temperature Measurement 320... 

If for reasons of protection of the sensitive temperature-measuring element against corrosive atmosphere or excessive mechanical stress, the use of thermometer wells is prescribed, such wells should be designed and installed with the utmost care to avoid damage and the introduction of additional errors. The ASME Power Test Codes should be followed in this respect. The most important precautions in using a thermometer well are to keep the sensing element in... 

Thickness. The traditional definition of thermal conductivity as an intrinsic property of a material where conduction is the only mode of heat transmission is not appHcable to low density materials. Although radiation between parallel surfaces is independent of distance, the measurement of X where radiation is significant requires the introduction of an additional variable, thickness. The thickness effect is observed in materials of low density at ambient temperatures and in materials of higher density at elevated temperatures. It depends on the radiation permeance of the materials, which in turn is influenced by the absorption coefficient and the density. For a cellular plastic material having a density on the order of 10 kg/m, the difference between a 25 and 100 mm thick specimen ranges from 12—15%. This reduces to less than 4% for a density of 48 kg/m. References 23—27 discuss the issue of thickness in more detail. 

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