Temperature global, record

The satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) records lower stratospheric temperatures. Global mean increases of up to 1.4 K were apparent following both the Pinatubo and El Chichon eruptions due to the local heating of the volcanic aerosol (Parker et al., 1996). Interestingly, for the Pinatubo case, the temperature anomaly decreased as aerosol sedimented back into the troposphere, and, by early 1993, below average, lower stratospheric temperatures were observed. This could be due to cooling coincident with the destruction of stratospheric ozone (Section 3.04.6.2.2). 

Unusually severe weather. China experiences worst floods in decades two-thirds of Bangladesh under water for several months from torrential monsoons Hurricane Mitch destroys parts of Central America 54 countries hit by floods and 45 by drought Earth hits highest global temperature ever recorded. 

A diverse array of evidence points to a warming of global surface air temperatures. Instrumental records from land stations and ships indicate that global mean surface air temperature warmed about 0.4 to 0.8°C (0.7-1.5°F) during the 20 Century (NRC 2001). 

A rise in average temperature of 1 °C may not seem enough to cause dramatic shifts in the weather, but the historical record shows otherwise. The period from 1500 to 1850 is called the Little Ice Age, because there were extensive increases in the sizes of the glaciers in all alpine regions. During that period, the average global temperature was just 0.5 °C lower than in 1900. 

Fig. 4.3. (A) Composite multispecies benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca records from three deep-sea sites DSDP Site 573, ODP Site 926, and ODP Site 689. (B) Species-adjusted Mg/Ca data. Error bars represent standard deviations of the means where more than one species was present in a sample. The smoothed curve through the data represents a 15% weighted average. (C) Mg temperature record obtained by applying a Mg calibration to the record in (B). Broken line indicates temperatures calculated from the record assuming an ice-free world. Blue areas indicate periods of substantial ice-sheet growth determined from the S 0 record in conjunction with the Mg temperature. (D) Cenozoic composite benthic foraminiferal S 0 record based on Atlantic cores and normalized to Cibicidoides spp. Vertical dashed line indicates probable existence of ice sheets as estimated by (2). 3w, seawater S 0. (E) Estimated variation in 8 0 composition of seawater, a measure of global ice volume, calculated by substituting Mg temperatures and benthic 8 0 data into the 8 0 paleotemperature equation (Lear et al., 2000).

Beltrami, H2001. On the relationship between ground temperature histories and meteorological records A report on the Pomquet station, Global Planet. Change, 29, 327-348. 

Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa, 2001. Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies—land and marine instrumental records, http //cdiac.esd.oml.gov/trends/ temp/j one scru/j ones. html. 

In 2005 the floating ice cap on the Arctic Ocean was at its smallest size in a century of recording keeping. This development was explained by global warming and a likely rise in ocean temperatures. 

Current concentrations of GHG have already caused the mean global temperature to increase by 0.76 °C in the period from 1850 to 2005 owing to the inertia of the climate system this will lead to at least a further half-degree warming over the next few decades. Eleven of the twelve years from 1995 to 2006 rank among the 12 warmest years in the instrumental record of global surface temperature (since 1850). 

Evidence in support of the Iron Hypothesis has been obtained from ice cores that contain records of past dust deposition, atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperatures. As shown in Figure 5.13, during the past 160,000 years, periods during which dustborne iron levels have been high coincide with lower atmospheric CO2 levels and global temperatures, i.e., the most recent Ice Ages. 

For the period prior to the first onset of Antarctic glaciation (around 33 Ma), oxygen isotope variations in global benthic foraminifera records reflect temperature... 

Variations in the benthic foraminifera record after 33 Ma indicate fluctuations in global ice volume in addition to temperature changes. Since then the majority of the 5 0 variations can be attributed to fluctuations in the global ice volume. Thus, Tiedemann et al. (1994) demonstrated the presence of at least 45 glacial-interglacial cycles over the last 2.5 Ma. 

Jones, P. D., D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies-Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997, in Trends A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1998 see Web site http //cdiac,esd.ornl.gov/ trends/ temp/ jonescru/jones.html. 

Pollack, H. N., S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, Climate Change Record in Subsurface Temperatures A Global Perspective, Science, 282, 279-281 (1998). 

Global and Hemispheric Temperature Anomalies— Land and Marine Instrumental Records, 1856-1997 http // cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends /temp/jonescru / jones.html... 

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