Technology deterrents

Gowing, Independence and Deterrence, vol. I, pp. 202, 225-33. For need for new government approach to management of science and technology, see Stephen Twigge, The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960 (Chur, Switzerland Harwood Academic, 1993), ch. 5. 

Prajapati, V., Tripathi, A.K., Aggarwal, K.K. and Khanuja, S.P. (2005) Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles Stephens , Aedes aegypti and Culex quin-quefasciatus. Bioresource. Technology 96(1 6), 1 749-1 757. 

As with the technologies considered earlier, the main deterrent is cost. Today s fuel cell demonstration cars and buses are custom-made prototypes that cost about 1 million apiece.41 Economies of scale in mass manufacture would bring this cost to a more reasonable 6,000-10,000 range. This translates to about 125 per kilowatt of engine power, which is about four times as high as the 30 per kilowatt cost of a comparable gasoline-powered internal combustion engine.41 A major cost component in the PEM fuel cell is the noble metal (usually Pt) electrocatalyst. Efforts are underway in many laboratories to find less expensive substitutes (see for example, Refs. 42-44). 

Vervoort et al.115 next isolated and characterized a novel cyclized didemnimide alkaloid from the Caribbean Ascidian Didemnum conchyliatum. In prior work, the primary author and colleagues isolated and identified four novel alkaloids possessing unprecedented indole- maleimide imida/ole carbon frameworks, which ecological testing suggested served in a predator-deterrent role for the organism. Further fractionation led to a small quantity of a deep purple minor metabolite that required the use of micro-probe technology to facilitate its characterization. The molecule was shown to be related to the previously characterized molecules via cyclization to afford (52). 

By contrast, a nascent nuclear power, such as North Korea or Iran, that is seeking to establish a credible nuclear deterrent either needs or could benefit immeasurably from assistance at all points of the process, from specialized equipment to design information to production technologies and skills. A nascent nuclear power must invest in the relevant infrastructure that a credible deterrent requires. Recent activities in both countries to establish nuclear materials production capabilities indicate that they believe it is important to build these capabilities. These activities also suggest that these two countries are less likely to aggressively pursue weapons-usable materials from Russia than what was feared in the early 1990s. These activities may, however, have increased their demand for certain types of knowledge and skills. 

Verification is a central ingredient of modern-day arms control agreements. It may serve either as a deterrent or nuclear arena where the same technologies, materials, and facilities can serve peaceful or military ends, verification of use is particularly important and the NPT provides for verification by the IAEA of compliance with the undertaking not to divert nuclear materials. 

For many uses, a number of the polysacoUoids are interchangeable. For most applications, there is usually one polysaccharide that provides a combination of physical attributes that cannot be duplicated or even approached by any of the others. Sometimes, these physical differences are of such technological value that major economic differences may be needed in order to effect a replacement. In other cases, the price is an effective deterrent to use on the basis of desirable performance in determining polysacolloid selection. 

It is important to mention here that by joining WTO, India is expected to receive Most Favored Nations Treatment from all other member countries and therefore there would neither be any special need to enter into the bilateral collaborations with any member country for international trade nor any possibility of a member country imposing special sanctions to destabilize India s international trade. It is envisaged that conventional biotech industries would continue to grow well in India and WTO will have essentially no deterrent effect on this process. It is, however, feared that health care products produced by the use of efficient microbial processes, genetic recombination, and hybridoma technology will be very expensive in India after the enactment of WTO. 

While LNG brings an element of flexibility to the market, the traditional long-term contracting behavior enforces contractual commitments but may also act as a deterrent to new market entrants. Citing a number of international case studies, Victor shows that the LNG market proves that private commercial players act more efficiently than states, especially as first movers with innovative commercial or technological processes. 

Reluctance by possessor states to employ chemical weapons, which could be termed the chemical warfare threshold, has seemed to be relatively high since World War I. However, the Iraqi precedent, the ineffective world response to Iraq s use of chemical warfare, and the perceived effectiveness of this use all suggest that the chemical warfare threshold has been substantially lowered. The growing list of states motivated, for reasons of offense or deterrence, to develop relatively low-technology, low-cost weapons of mass destruction greatly increases the likelihood that military personnel will have to contend with casualties of chemical warfare. 

This would provide the structural changes necessary for a lasting improvement in productivity and, thereby, on the control of inflation. In conjunction with the improved economic performance euid increased demand for advanced technology that would result from a higher level of investment, the removal of these deterrents would help create a climate in which investments in all phases of technological Innovation would be increased as a natural result of the entrepreneurial process. 

Biodegradable plastics based on lactic acid have been available on a small scale for many years. They have been used In applications such as medical implants, but their high price was a deterrent to widespread use in lower value applications such as packaging. However, new technologies for production of lactide monomers greatly lowered costs, making the polymers much more competitive. Generally, the lactic acid is obtained from corn or other biobased materials by a fermentation process, and then chemical synthesis is used to produce the polymer from the lactic acid or lactide monomers. 

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