Technologists

Hendrix, C. D. What Every Technologist Should Know About Experimental Design, Chemtech 1979, 9, 167-174. 

J. ZaUie, Proceedings ofTTI Eastern Institute of Food Technologists, Baltimore, Md., 1991, pp. 42. 

Because use of micronuttient fertilizers is expected to become increasingly important, their effective use requires cooperation between soil chemists and agronomists to identify and quantify needs, and fertilizer production technologists for effective incorporation. 

Siace most fabricated elastomer products contain 10—50 vol % of filler, their physical properties and processing characteristics depend to a great extent on the nature and quaUty of the fillers. Rubber technologists manipulate the formula so as to optimize a large number of properties and keep costs down. 

The type of food and its processing affect flavoring efficiency therefore, flavor materials must be taste-tested in the food itself. Because there has been a lack of standardization of testing techniques, a committee on sensory evaluation of the Institute of Food Technologists has offered a guide (112) which is designed to help in developing standard procedures. 

J. J. Brennan and U. Leffler, Proceedings Canadian Food Technologists Conference, Montreal, May 1964. 

This article is intended to provide a useful first understanding of flow phenomena and techniques and to provide an entry to more precise and detailed methods where these are required. Although the main concern is the proper design and operation of plant equipment, the importance of preservation of the environment is recognized. Thus data from the fields of meteorology and oceanography are occasionally needed by the technologist (see also Flowl asurel nt Fluidization). 

Colorants. According to U.S. regulations, colorants are divided into two classes certified and exempt (see Colorants for foods, drugs, COSMETICS, AND MEDICAL DEVICES). Batch samples of certified colors must be sent to the FDA for analysis and confirmation that the colorants comply with estabhshed specifications. Color manufacturers pay a small fee for each batch of color that is analy2ed. The number of certified colors available to food technologists has declined. Several of the historical colorants were found to have carcinogenic effects. Table 1 shows the certified colors that are permissible for food use in the United States as of 1993. 

J. A. Torres, "Protein PunctionaHty in Pood Systems," in N. Hettiarachy and G. Ziegler, eds.. Proceedings of the 1993 Institute of Food Technologists Basic Symposium, IPT/Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994. 

Integrated Systems. Until recently, each of the numerous databases and sources of information available to chemists and technologists had to be searched iadividually, and selected results either ptinted for file storage or downloaded to an ia-house or private computer system for easy future access. 

Leather technologists have adopted the same histological techniques for the study of hide and skin stmcture as that used by the medical profession for the study of the stmcture and functions of human skin (1,2). 

B. A. Amernick, Patent Eawfor the Monlawjer. M Guidefor the Engineer, Technologist, and Manager, 2nd ed.. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Co., Inc., New York, 1991. 

A change in plasticizer affects the properties of a flexible PVC article. Certain properties are more important for some apphcations than others and hence some plasticizers find more extensive use in some application areas than others. The PVC technologist must ascertain the most important properties for an application and then make the correct choice of plasticizer. 

Z. Bubnik, P. Kadlec, D. Uiban, and M. Bmhns, eds., Sugar Technologists Manual, 8th ed., Vedag Di. Albeit Bartens, Berlin, Germany, 1995 comprehensive reference for process technology. 

M. A. Clarke and B. L. Legendre, Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists Association, 1996, in press. 

Development of conjugate and peptide vaccines requires the typical organic synthesis process and purification. This is a new area for vaccine technologists. Again, the main concern is to maintain the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate during the chemical reaction and purification steps. 

Automated methods are more rehable and much more precise than the average manual method dependence on the technique of the individual technologist is eliminated. The relative precision, or repeatabiUty, measured by the consistency of the results of repeated analyses performed on the same sample, ranges between 1% and 5% on automated analy2ers. The accuracy of an assay, defined as the closeness of the result or of the mean of repHcate measurements to the tme or expected value (4), is also of importance in clinical medicine. 

Because clays (rocks) usually contain more than one mineral and the various clay minerals differ in chemical and physical properties, the term clay may signify entirely different things to different clay users. Whereas the geologist views clay as a raw material for shale, the pedologist as a dynamic system to support plant life, and the ceramist as a body to be processed in preparation for vitrification, the chemist and technologist view clay as a catalyst, adsorbent, filler, coater, or source of aluminum or lithium compounds, etc. 

Evaluation of Caffeine Safety, Institute of Food Technologists Expert Panel on Food Safety and Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, Chicago,... 

Dyes may be classified according to chemical stmcture or by thek usage or appHcation method. The former approach is adopted by practicing dye chemists who use terms such as a2o dyes, anthraquinone dyes, and phthalocyanine dyes. The latter approach is used predominantiy by the dye user, the dye technologist, who speaks of reactive dyes for cotton and disperse dyes for polyester. Very often, both terminologies are used, for example, an a2o disperse dye for polyester and a phthalocyanine reactive dye for cotton. 

There are extensive publications on many individual problems together with practical instmctions. However, it was difficult for the technologist in Germany to master the subject because no comprehensive up-to-date publication was available in German. The Subcommittee for Corrosion of DVGW instigated the publication of a handbook of cathodic protection, and a number of members offered their cooperation as authors of individual chapters. 

In this way chemist, physicist, mathematician, technologist, engineer, salesman and designer have all played a vital part. In many instances the tasks of these experts overlap but even where there is a clearer delineation it is important that the expert in one field should have a knowledge of the work of his counterparts in other fields. It is hoped that this volume will be of some assistance in achieving this end. 

The flow process in an injection mould is complicated by the fact that the mould cavity walls are below the freezing point of the polymer melt. In these circumstances the technologist is generally more concerned with the ability to fill the cavity rather than with the magnitude of the melt viscosity. In one analysis made of the injection moulding situation, Barrie showed that it was possible to calculate a mouldability index (p.) for a melt which was a function of the flow parameters K and the thermal diffusivity and the relevant processing temperatures (melt temperature and mould temperature) but which was independent of the geometry of the cavity and the flow pattern within the cavity. 

The polychloroprenes have been commercially available for half a century, being first marketed by Du Pont in 1931. Today these materials are amongst the leading special purpose rubbers (which in the language of the rubber technologist effectively means non-tyre rubbers) and are well known under such commercial names as Baypren (Bayer), Butachlor (Distagul) and Neoprene (Du Pont). 

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