Tax-raising

Each of these excise taxes raises the price of the fuel for uses subject to the tax and might be expected to reduce the demand for petroleum and coal. However, to some extent the excise tax receipts col-... 

Miller, S. 2005. Taxes Raise Drug Costs for Poor, Report Says. Wall Street fournal, April 21, A14. Moran, M. 2005. Fast Track Options as a Fundraising Mechanism to Support R D into Neglected... 

From an overall economic viewpoint, any investment proposal may be considered as an activity which initially absorbs funds and later generates money. The funds may be raised from loan capital or from shareholders capital, and the net (after tax and costs) money generated may be used to repay interest on loans and loan capital, with the balance being due to the shareholders. The shareholders profit can either be paid out as dividends, or reinvested in the company to fund the existing venture or new ventures. The following diagram indicates the overall flow of funds for a proposed project. The detailed cash movements are contained within the box labelled the project . 

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

Aufschlag, m. impact percussion increase, extra (in price or tax) cuff, facing warp bound (of a ball) (Med.) application. Aufschlagebuch, n. reference book, aufschlagen, v.t. strike up or open open, unfold unbung (casks) handle (hides) set up, erect raise apply (as a poultice). — v.r. spring up strike rise (in price). — v.i. strike, impinge. 

Governments levy taxes to raise revenue and to discourage consumption of what is taxed. The primary purpose of United States federal and state gaso-... 

There are as many types of taxes as there are ways to raise money. Each state has different regulations and they change frequently. To keep up with these, reference 22 should be consulted. A brief explanation of a number of different types of taxes follows. The first six are the most common within the United States. 

Harm to competiveness Somewhat. Regulations increase the cost of manufacturing, but, unlike taxes of tradable permits, do not raise the price of fossil energy Yes, though if other taxes are reduced through revenue recycling, competitiveness of the broader economy can be improved Yes (as with a tax), but giving firms free allowances offsets potentially harmful effects on profitability... 

Kremer s proposal, like those of Giiell and Fischbaum, stands midway between patents and grants.24 One of the objections raised by The Economist to Kremer s proposal is that the government would end up paying more than the consumer surplus and the welfare loss (triangles ABC and pp1 A in Figure 2.1). In the face of this situation, the new method would be clearly detrimental because it would force a tax increase to pay for the patent. Furthermore, the international nature of patents would require the existence of some kind of international coordination, not an easy task to accomplish. We are dealing, therefore, with a theoretical proposal that needs further contributions. 

Furthermore, the petitioner argued that the National Firearms Act was constructed and written in a way that made it clear that it was not intended to raise revenue but rather to discourage dealing in the specified weapons. He also argued that if the purpose of the tax was really to exercise a form of police power, that power belonged not to Congress but to the states. Congress is not empowered to tax for those purposes which are within the exclusive province of the States. ... 

U.S. Congress enacts the first tax that applies to weapons. It is promoted as a revenue-raising tax rather than as a gun control measure. 

So why was it possible for certain countries, some companies and a few people to accumulate great wealth from producing and distributing a NP-rich product that was in theory easily accessible to most consumers At first it was state power that was used to create and maintain a monopoly of supply with the aim of raising taxes. Several major states are still involved in the nicotine trade, even though they recognise that tobacco consumption can be harmful. It seems that states, as well as individuals, can become addicted to tobacco. However, after state monopolies began to fail, tobacco... 

Capital market inefficiencies exacerbate the problems caused by adverse selection. Because corporate income is doubly taxed, earnings are retained during good times rather than dispersed to shareholders. When the supply of insurance is tight and profits are high, external capital does not enter the industry in optimal amounts because, once it is in the corporate sector, capital is not easily transferred back to individuals without dividend taxation. Also, external and internal capital are not perfect substitutes because of the asymmetry of information. If investors believe the best financial opportunities are reserved for insiders, any attempt to raise public equity is a signal that few profits are available. 

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) requires the EPA to "clean up" chemical disposal sites. The cleanup funds are raised through a combination of tort suits against companies that have had some connection with either the disposal site or the chemicals (joint-and-several strict liability) and taxes on petroleum production, hazardous-waste facilities, and chemical products. When judgments go against landowners, trucking firms, container corporations, or other firms less directly connected with the site, the defendants ask their insurance companies to pay these judgments. Courts, then, must decide whether liability insurance contracts cover such claims. 

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