Other Taxes

Limited information is available on other types of active taxis (listed in Chapter 1). Of them, relatively more information is available on thermotaxis and phototaxis. Generally speaking, the behavioral responses to 

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The impact of loss of tax credits, loss carry forward, and other tax benefits should be studied. Such things as start-up problems that increase the first year s operating costs and reduce the production should also be studied. With a good economic computer program, such as described earlier, all of these sensitivity analyses can be made in an afternoon. 

Tax-free holidays periods of possibly 3 to 15 years of no tax liability on profits (this also can apply to local, property or any other tax normally imposed on a firm) ... 

Harm to competiveness Somewhat. Regulations increase the cost of manufacturing, but, unlike taxes of tradable permits, do not raise the price of fossil energy Yes, though if other taxes are reduced through revenue recycling, competitiveness of the broader economy can be improved Yes (as with a tax), but giving firms free allowances offsets potentially harmful effects on profitability... 

The conclusion of a subsidised employment contract is inadmissible if a notice of dismissal on economic grounds (licenciement pour motif economique) was given within the preceding 6 months. The new hiring must not be in any way related to the dismissal of a permanently employed worker social insurance contributions and other taxes must have been paid. 

This docs not include over 900 million foreign tax credits. Unlike other tax credits which are designed to stimulate certain types of behavior among taxpayers, foreign tax credits are simply a mechanism to prevent U S. firms from being taxed twice on income earned in another country. 

Among other tax credits of the Federal Tax Code, two provisions are of particular relevance to the pharmaceutical industry the foreign tax credit system and the possessions tax credit. While these credits do not represent direct subsidies to the firm s R D costs, there are at least two reasons to consider their importance for pharmaceutical R D. First, they indirectly affect the location and amount of R D. These credits affect the after-tax cost of doing business in political jurisdictions outside the United States. Second, they affect pharmaceutical firms returns to R D. 

Estimates of the R D and university basic research credits claimed by the pharmaceutical industry are included in the general business credit. In addition to these two research-related credits, the general business credit includes other tax credits potentially available to corporations a credit for newly created jobs, one for certain types of special investment, one for the use of alcohol as a fuel, and a credit for the provision of low-income housing. Because carrybacks and carry forwards are calculated on the general business credit as a whole, it is not possible to produce separate estimates of the R D and university basic research credits actually claimed. 

To summarize, the tax code includes numerous credits and deductions tied to firms expenditures for R D as well as several other tax code... 

One important economic factor is the local tax on inventories, primarily because this cost can vary significantly from one location to another. States or other taxing authorities have used the presence of inventory in storage as a basis for levying franchise, income, or other taxes on the owner of the property. Rates of taxation within states, or even within counties or towns, can also show... 

Finance managers may ask for certain conditions to be met before products are dispatched to an overseas client. Some of these could relate to the performance guarantee terms (these must be finalised in consultation with technical persons), payment of an advance amount by the client, credit terms asked for by client, whether client agrees to pay the costs of packing, insurance and transport for the consignments, and any other taxes and levies to be paid to statutory authorities in supplier s country and client s country. 

The calculation of border prices for traded goods usually includes afi adjustment to take account of domestic transportation to a project or to the project s primary market. For exports, the f.o.b. price is the total cost expended to produce, transport to the border, and prepare for transportation outside the country of origin. For imports, the c.i.f. price is the landed cost of an import including insurance but net of any additional domestic tariffs or other taxes and fees. It should also be adjusted for internal transport costs or savings from the port of entry to the market if these costs are significantly different from domestic factory-to-market costs, and it may also be adjusted for additional inventory cost required to cover delays or lumpiness in supply compared to domestic shipments ... 

Section i. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. 

Deferred income taxes and other tax charges and credits Change in accounts and notes receivable Change in inventories... 

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