TATB 1, 3, 5-triamino

The effect on detonation transfer of the parameters shown in Fig Ex22 were reviewed for the donor and acceptor expls RDX, HNS-1 (2,4,6,2/,4/,6/-Hexanitrostilbene of 3 microns particle size) HNS-11 (Same as HNS-1, except of 200-300 microns particle size), DATB (1,3-Diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene), and TATB (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) with a wide cross-section of sensitivities. Eash of these parameters has been individually qualified and explained on both the theoretical level and the impact on practical hardware design. The experimental study is described in Ref 2 Refs 1) M.L.Schimmel, "Quantitative Understanding of Explosive Stimulus Transfer... 

CH-6, HNS-11, DIPAM (3,3 -Diamino-2,4,6,-2/,4,6/-hexanitrobiphenyl), TACOT-Z (Tetranitxo-1,2,5,6-tetraazadibeo zocydo-octatetrene) and TATB (1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene). Test temps were ambient and —68°C. As expected, sensitivity decreased with decreasing temp. 

Only relatively few compounds can act as primary explosives and still meet the restrictive military and industrial requirements for reflabiUty, ease of manufacture, low cost, compatibiUty, and long-term storage stabiUty under adverse environmental conditions. Most initiator explosives are dense, metaHoorganic compounds. In the United States, the most commonly used explosives for detonators include lead azide, PETN, and HMX. 2,4,6-Triamino-l,3,5-triuitrobenzene (TATB) is also used in electric detonators specially designed for use where stabiUty at elevated temperatures is essential. 

TATB or 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (C6H6N6Oe) is a yellow-brown crystalline solid that has excellent thermal stability and is known as a heat-resistant explosive. TATB has a decomposition point of 325°C. Its molecular arrangement provides lubricating and elastic properties. 

Formal sequential addition of amino groups to 2,4,6-trinitroaniline gives 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB, 56) and 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB, 57). TATB is more stable than expected from the additivity calculation. The ability to have hydrogen bonding with three amino groups both intra- and inter-molecularly in the crystal stabilizes the molecule. The molecule that results is thermally stable and used as an explosive in situations where a very insensitive explosive is needed. 

Plastic explosives contain one or more of the explosives listed above, moulded in an inert, flexible binder. Because powders do not readily hold a shape and TNT is the only common melt-castable explosive, most of the explosive powders (RDX, HMX, PETN, 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)) are plasticized to make a mouldable material, for example, C-4, Semtex H, PE4, sheet explosive. A variety of plasticizers are added, but the maximum level is usually 10-15% because most plasticizers are inert and would degrade explosive output. Plastic explosives were originally developed for convenient use in military demolitions but have since been widely used in terrorist bombs. For detection techniques that rely on vapour signatures, such as canine olfaction, it is worth considering that the plasticizer is much more volatile than the explosive component. 

Interest in polynitroarylenes has resumed over the past few decades as the demand for thermally stable explosives with a low sensitivity to impact has increased. This is mainly due to advances in military weapons technology but also for thermally demanding commercial applications i.e. oil well exploration, space programmes etc. Explosives like 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB) (13), l,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) (14), 3,3 -diamino-2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrobiphenyl (DIPAM) (15), 2,2, 4,4, 6,6 -hexanitrostilbene(HNS, VOD 7120 m/s, = 1.70 g/cm ) (16) and A,A -bis(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4 -diamino-2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6 -octanitroazobenzene (BTDAONAB) (17) fall into this class. TATB is the benchmark for thermal and impact insensitive explosives and finds wide use for military, space and nuclear applications. 

The reactions of hexanitrobenzene (55) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentanitroaniline (31) with ammonia have been used to synthesize the thermally stable explosive l,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). Holmes and Fliirschiem have studied the reactions of 2,3,4,5,6-pentanitroaniline with nucleophiles. 

The nitration of l,3,5-trichloro-2-nitrobenzene (8) to l,3,5-trichloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (9) with dinitrogen pentoxide in absolute nitric acid goes to completion in only 2-4 minutes at 32-35 °C. Further nitration of (9) would yield l,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (10) which undergoes ammonolysis on treatment with ammonia in toluene to give the thermally stable explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) (11). The same sequence of reactions with l,3-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene provides a route to l,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATE). Such reactions are clean and occur in essentially quantitative yield. 

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