Tame acid

Tanglefoot Tame acid Tank cars Tank cells Tanks... 

Suppose you take two flasks one containing pure water and the other a buffer solution mam tamed at a pH of 7 0 If you add 0 1 mole of acetic acid to each one and the final volume m each flask IS 1 L how much acetic acid is present at equi librium How much acetate ion In other words what IS the extent of ionization of acetic acid m an unbuffered medium and m a buffered one ... 

TaMe 23 Reduction of substitution derivatives of carboxylic acids... 

Since the mid-fifties sulfonated resins based on styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers, initially developed as ion exchangers mainly for water treatment, nave also been used as strongly acidic solid catalysts. Witn few exceptions, industrial application in continuous processes is limited to the manufacture of bulk chemicals, sucn as Disphenol A, (meth)acrylates, metnyl ethers of branched olefins (MTBE, TAME) and secondary alcohols (IPA, SBA). 

If in the second stage another zinc alkyl be used, tertiary alcohols con-taming two or three different alkyl groups can be prepared (A., 175, 374 188,110,122 0., 1910, II., 1201). Only zinc methyl and zinc ethyl thus furnish tertiary alcohols zinc propyl produces only those of the secondary type (B., 16, 2284 24, R., 667). The historical importance of the acid chloride method lies in the fact that in 1864 it led to the discovery of tertiary alcohols. 

Difluoroiodo)- and (dichloroiodo)arenes have been used not only in diverse halogenations but also in oxidations. In several instances they served as tamed molecular analogues of fluorine and chlorine. Both (difluoroiodo)- and (dichloroiodo)arenes possess high reactivity but they often react in a complicated way. A general comment concerning such cases is that the neutralization of acids released may be beneficial to the outcome of the reaction. 

Tetrahydropyrane has been prepared by hydrogenation of dihydropyrane using a platinum black catalyst 1 by heating pen-tamethylene bromide with water 2 3 or with water and zinc oxide in a sealed tube 4 or by heating pen tame thylene glycol with three volumes of 60 per cent sulfuric acid in a pressure tube.5... 

Diphenyl carbonate from dimethyl carbonate and phenol Dibutyl phthalate from butanol and phthalic acid Ethyl acetate from ethanol and butyl acetate Recovery of acetic acid and methanol from methyl acetate by-product of vinyl acetate production Nylon 6,6 prepolymer from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine MTBE from isobutene and methanol TAME from pentenes and methanol Separation of close boiling 3- and 4-picoline by complexation with organic acids Separation of close-boiling meta and para xylenes by formation of tert-butyl meta-xyxlene Cumene from propylene and benzene General process for the alkylation of aromatics with olefins Production of specific higher and lower alkenes from butenes... 

TaMe 10. Effect of the structure of phosphorus-containing acids on the fire-resistance of their ceBulose esters... 

The use of ammonia instead of nitromethane in the template condensation with [Co(tame)2] cation gave the macro tricyclic [Co(azatrisartame)]3+ heptazasarcophaginate (yield ca 30%). Like its nitromethane analog, this complex is remarkably stable in aqueous hydrochloric acid. Furthermore, treatment of [Co(azatrisartame)] + cation with trifluoromethanesulphonic acid for several days resulted in a triimine complex (ca 80%) with a ruptured aza-cap, but the methylene units and the four-membered rings remained... 

One more product of the condensation of [Co(tame)2] with nitromethane and formaldehyde with a yield of ca 10% was identified in Ref 148 as macrotetracyclic [Co(NOtetrasartame)]Cl3 3H20 sarcophaginate 4. Its reduction with zinc dust in aqueous hydrochloric acid resulted in the corresponding cobalt(II) [Co(AMtetrasartame)] aminosarcophaginate, which can either oxidize to a cobalt(III) complex or demetallate with hydrochloric acid to cleave four-membered chelate fragments. Both macrotetracyclic cobalt(III) complexes are remarkably stable to hydrolysis in acidic (6 molar hydrochloric acid at 60°C) and mildly basic (pH < 9 at 25°C) conditions, although they decompose at pH >9. 

A bis-triamine [Co(tame)]3+ complex also reacted with formaldehyde and aldehydes of carboxylic acids RCHO (where R is CHs, C2H5, or (CH3)2CH)) to form cobalt (III) triiminosarcophaginates... 

Amberlyst Catalysts (Rohm Haas) are among the most common resins used in etherification. They are strongly acidic macroreticular catalysts based on styrene divinilbenzene copolymers. In particular, the Amberlyst 35Wet gives the highest performances and lifetime and was specifically developed for MTBE, ETBE and TAME production. 

The benefits of using reactive distillation are clearly proven in the production of fuel components (ethers) such as ferf-amyl methyl ether (TAME), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methyl acetate. The latter is synthesized from acetic acid and methanol with a reversible liquid-phase reaction ... 

A more recent development, more acidic variants of tamed HF , are HF-dialkyl ether complexes such as Me20 2HF [60]. 

As a result of these developments, in preparative fluoroorganic chemistry there usually is no longer any need to use anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. This most hazardous reagent can usually be replaced by some kind of tamed HF with custom-tailored acidity and nucleophilicity. 

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