Table of Reactants and Products

For problems in which the quantities of two (or more) reactants are given, we must determine if one of the reactants is present in a quantity less than, equal to, or greater than that required to react with all the other reactants. Determine which reactant is in limiting quantity and use that quantity to calculate the quantities of the substances that will be used up and produced. A table of reactant and product quantities is useful. If masses are... 

Table of Reactants and Products. Set up a Table of Reactants and Products as an aid in summarizing the amounts and properties of reagents and catalysts being used and the product(s) being formed. Only those reactants, catalysts, and products that appear in the main reaction(s) should be listed in the table many other reagents may be used in the work-up and purification of the reaction mixture, but these should not be entered in the table. 

Yield Data. Compute the maximum possible amount of product that can be formed this is the theoretical yield. This can easily be calculated from the data in the Table of Reactants and Products as follows. First determine which of the reactants corresponds to the limiting reagent. This is the reagent that... 

Mechanism intentionally omitted.) CD 4. TABLE OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS... 

Use the illustrated format for the Table of Reactants and Products unless instructed to do otherwise. 

Students frequently have difficulty in setting up Tables of Reactants and Products and calculating theoretical yields, so two hypothetical examples are provided for your reference. 

Problem Consider the reaction shown in Equation 1.2. Assume that you are to use 5 g (7.8 mL) of 1-pentene and 25 mL of concentrated HBr solution. Prepare a Table of Reactants and Products, determine the limiting reagent, and calculate the theoretical yield for the reaction. 

Chapter 1 Introduction, Record Keeping, and Laboratory Safety 15 Table 1.2 Table of Reactants and Products for Preparation of 2-Bromopentane... 

Table 13 Table of Reactants and Products for Preparation of Diethyl Ether... 

The heats of formation of most organic com pounds are derived from heats of reaction by arith metic manipulations similar to that shown Chemists find a table of AH values to be convenient because it replaces many separate tables of AH° values for indi vidual reaction types and permits AH° to be calcu lated for any reaction real or imaginary for which the heats of formation of reactants and products are available It is more appropriate for our purposes however to connect thermochemical data to chemi cal processes as directly as possible and therefore we will cite heats of particular reactions such as heats of combustion and heats of hydrogenation rather than heats of formation... 

Tables of standard entlialpies of formation, combustion and reaction are available in the literature for a wide variety of compounds. It is important to note that these are valueless imlcss tlie stoicliiomctric equation and tlie standard state of reactants and products are included.

The results of one of Lavoisier s quantitative experiments are shown in Table A the data are taken directly from Lavoisier. If you add up the masses of reactants and products (expressed in arbitrary units), you find them to be the same, 510. As Lavoisier put it, "In all of the operations of men and nature, nothing is created. An equal quantity of matter exists before and after the experiment."... 

Express the equilibrium partial pressures of all species in terms of a single unknown, x. To do this, apply the principle mentioned earlier The changes in partial pressures of reactants and products are related through tite coefficients of the balanced equation. To keep track of these values, make an equilibrium table, like the one illustrated in Example 12.4. 

To calculate the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture, set up an equilibrium table in terms of changes in the concentrations of reactants and products, express the equilibrium constant in terms of those changes, and solve the resulting equation. 

Table I, Experimental Conditions and Concentrations of Reactants and Products at Selected Times in the UDMH + O3 Dark Experiments...

A useful tool for dealing with reaction stoichiometry in chemical kinetics is a stoichiometric table. This is a spreadsheet device to account for changes in the amounts of species reacted for a basis amount of a closed system. It is also a systematic method of expressing the moles, or molar concentrations, or (in some cases) partial pressures of reactants and products, for a given reaction (or set of reactions) at any time or position, in terms of initial concentrations and fractional conversion. Its use is illustrated for a simple system in the following example. 

Table 10.2 Fractions of reactants and products and heats of formation.

Table III. Relative Retention Time of Reactant and Product Materials on 2.5 wt% Nickel-Activated Carbon ...

TABLE 9. Reactants and products of MMC-activated substitution reactions... 

To predict the direction of reaction, use the balanced equation to identify the proton donors (acids) and proton acceptors (bases), and then use Table 15.1 to identify the stronger acid and the stronger base. When equal concentrations of reactants and products are present, proton transfer always occurs from the stronger acid to the stronger base. 

If you mix equal concentrations of reactants and products, which of the following reactions proceed to the right and which proceed to the left Use the data in Table 15.1, and remember that the stronger base gets the proton. 

A bituminous coal from Utah (Table I) was used in this work. The coal oil (Table II) used was obtained from a bituminous coal by hydrogenation using zinc chloride as the catalyst in a semi-continuous reactor system. Anthracene, phenanthrene, WS9 and NIS used were pure grade chemicals of over 99% purity. H-zeolon was a synthetic mordenite cracking catalyst and was supplied by Norton Chemical Company. NIS-H-zeolon was prepared by spraying nickel on H-zeolon with a subsequent sulfiding operation. NIS-WS -SiO -A1 O. catalyst used was a commercial hydrocracking catalyst. Analyses of reactants and products were done by standard methods. 

Reducing Agents Smectites may be reduced in one of several differ-ent ways (Table I), either in aqueous suspension or in the dry state, but the most effective methods require intimate contact between the clay surfaces and the reducing agent. The diffusion of reactants and products, such as the diffusion of H20 out of or H into the clay lattice (Equations 2 and 3, p. 350), appears to be an important aspect... 

Table VIII lists the total bond energies of reactants and products as well as conceivable intermediates in the gas-phase (D) and chemisorbed (D + Q) states on Pt(lll), Pd(lll), Ni(lll). Tables IX and X summarize the activation barriers of the conceivable elementary steps leading to CH4 and CH3OH, respectively.

All these aspects were thoroughly discussed by lecturers and participants during the round table organized during the Poitiers School on The Future Trends in Zeolite Applications . Special emphasis was placed on the role played by the sites at the external surface (pockets, etc.) or at the pore mouth, by mesopores, extraframework aluminum species, as well as by the polarity of reactant and product molecules. Other important topics dealt with the remarkable catalytic properties of BEA zeolites for fine chemical synthesis, the potential of mesoporous molecular sieves, zeolitic membranes and the role of combinatorial catalysis in the development of zeolite catalysts. It is our hope that the fruits of these discussions will appear in the literature or even better as new and environmentally friendly products or processes. 

The reactor is sketched in Figure 8 where three concentric annular spaces with the six catalytic walls are shovm. The reactor is fed through the outer annular space (maximum PCE concentration) where the radiation field has ifs minimum value. Exit of reactants and products occurs from the inner annular space. All details of the reactor assembly and operating conditions are described in Table 2. For more details the reader can resort to references (Imoberdorf ef al., 2006, 2007). 

To obtain A H B we look up the values of the separate formation enthalpies of reactants and products in tables of thermodynamic data. Then... 

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