T-tropic HIV

ALX40 nonapeptide of D-arginine Blocks CXCR4 Blocks SDF-1-induced calcium flux and T-tropic HIV infection in vitro... 

The CXCR4 molecules of the mouse (90% amino acid identity with human CXCR4), rat (>90% identity), cat (94.9% identity), and rhesus macaque (98.3% identity) have all been shown to support fusion or infection mediated by at least some T-tropic HIV strains (13,46-52). Brelot et al. (46) further showed that, in the context of a rat CXCR4 chimera. 

Moriuchi, M., Moriuchi, H., Turner, W., and Fauci, A. S. (1998). Exposure to bacterial products renders macrophages highly susceptible to T-tropic HIV-1. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1540-1550. 

Sakaida, H., Hori, T., Yonezawa, A., Sato, A., Isaka, Y., Yoshie, O., Hattori, T., and Uchiyama, T. (1998). T-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HlV-l)-derived V3 loop peptides directly bind to CXCR-4 and inhibit T-tropic HIV-1 infection. J. Virol. 72, 9763-9770. 

HIV strains are grouped according to the preferred site of replication. T-tropic viruses prefer replication in T lymphocytes and M-tropic viruses in macrophages. Use of chemokine receptors differs for each subgroup CXCR4 (or fusin, the receptor for stromal cell-derived factor [SDF-1]) for T-tropic viruses and CCR5 (the receptor... 

Ahn SY, Cho CH, Park KG, Lee HI, Lee S, Park SK, Lee IK, Koh GY (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces fractaUdne expression preferentially in arterial endothelial cells and mithramycin A suppresses TNF-alpha-induced fractaUdne expression. Am J Pathol 164 1663-1672 Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M (1999) The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains, [see comments]. J Exp Med 190 597-605 Ambrosini E, Alois F (2004) Chemokines and glial cells a complex network in the central nervous system. [Review] [239 refs]. Neurochem Res 29 1017-1038 Azuma Y, Ohura K (2002) Endomorphins 1 and 2 inhibit IL-10 and IL-12 production and innate immune functions, and potentiate NE-kappaB DNA binding in THP-1 differentiated to macrophagelike cells. Scand J Immunol 56 260-269... 

Cicala C, Arthos J, Ruiz M, et al. Induction of phosphorylation and intracellular association of CC chemokine receptor 5 and focal adhesion kinase in primary human CD4+ T cells by macrophage-tropic HIV envelope. J Immunol 1999 163(l) 420-426. 

Iyengar S, Schwartz DH, Hildreth JE. T cell-tropic HIV gpl20 mediates CD4 and CD8 cell chemotaxis through CXCR4 independent of CD4 implications for HIV pathogenesis. J Immunol 1999 162(10) 6263—6267. 

Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M. The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains. J Exp Med 1999 190(5) 597-605. 

Huang L, Bosch I, Hofmann W, Sodroski J, Pardee AB. Tat protein induces human immunodeficiency vims type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptors and promotes infection with both macrophage-tropic and T-lymphotropic HIV-1 strains. J Virol 1998 72(ll) 8952-8960. 

NO acts as an autocrine factor that mediates HIV-1 replication as at the molecular level, NO seems to stimulate long-terminal repeat-mediated transcription [125]. It was noted that exogenous NO increases replication of HIV-1 T-tropic isolates in primary T cells or T-cell lines, and inhibitors of iNOS partly block HIV-1 replication, especially that induced by tumor necrosis factor a [125]. The contrasting effects of exogenous NO, particularly NO donors, may depend on the type of NO donors, their releasing kinetics, and the dose used in the study design. 

Many results show that several sulfonated polysaccharides inhibit both X4 and R5 viruses in vitro. HIV-1 isolates from newly infected individuals are predominantly M-tropic and utilize CCR5 (R5), while T-tropic isolates that use CXCR4 (X4) evolve later in the course of the disease. Given that these sulfonated polysaccharides are negatively charged molecules, it is believed that their mechanism of action is to bind to the positively charged region of the viral envelope [74,75]. 

Liao, F., Alkhatib, G Peden, K. W Sharma, G., Berger, E. A., and Farber, I. M. (1997) STRL33, A novel chemokine receptor-like protein, functions as a fusion cofactor for both macrophage-tropic and T cell line-tropic HIV-1. J. Exp. Med. 185,2015-2023. 

Murakami, T., Nakajima, T., Koyanagi, Y., Tachibana, K., Fujii, N., Tamamura, H., et al. (1997) A small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor that blocks T cell line-tropic HIV-1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1389-1393. 

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