T ratio

Because the T-ratio is larger than T(0.05, 9, 9), which is 3.179, we conclude that the systematic errors of the analysts are significant at the 95% confidence levels. The estimated precision for a single analyst is... 

For straight metal pipe under internal pressure the formula for minimum reqiiired w thickness is applicable for D /t ratios greater than 6. Tme more conservative Barlow and Lame equations may also be used. Equation (10-92) includes a factor Y varying with material and temperature to account for the redistribution of circumferential stress which occurs under steady-state creep at high temperature and permits slightly lesser thickness at this range. 

In general, it is not necessary to model Z/T ratios between pilot and commercial units. 

The fluidfoil impellers in large tanks require only two baffles, but three are usually used to provide better flow pattern asymmetiy. These fluidfoil impellers provide a true axial flow pattern, almost as though there was a draft tube around the impeller. Two or three or more impellers are used if tanks with high D/T ratios are involved. The fluidfoil impellers do not vortex vigorously even at relatively low coverage so that if gases or solids are to Be incorporated at the surface, the axial-flow turbine is often required and can be used in combination with the fluidfoil impellers also on the same shaft. 

As the flow from an impeller is increased from a given power level, there will be a higher fluid velocity and therefore a shorter circulation time. This holds true when dealing with any given impeller. This is shown in Fig. 18-18, which shows that circulation time versus D/T decreases. A major consideration is when increasing D/T becomes too large and actually causes the curve to reverse. This occurs somewhere around 0.45, 0.05, so that using impellers of D/T ratios of 0.6 to 0.8... 

FIG. 18-18 Effect of D/T ratio on two different impellers on the circulation time and the hlend time. 

It turns out that in low-viscosity blending the acdual result does depend upon the measuring technique used to measure blend time. Two common techniques, wliich do not exhaust the possibilities in reported studies, are to use an acid-base indicator and inject an acid or base into the system that will result in a color change. One can also put a dye into the tank and measure the time for color to arrive at uniformity. Another system is to put in a conductivity probe and injecl a salt or other electrolyte into the system. With any given impeller type at constant power, the circulation time will increase with the D/T ratio of the impeller. Figure 18-18 shows that both circulation time and blend time decrease as D/T increases. The same is true for impeller speed. As impeller speed is increased with any impeller, blend time and circulation time are decreased (Fig. 18-19). 

Axial-flow turbines are often used in blendiug pseudoplastic materials, and they are often used at relatively large D/T ratios, from 0.5 to 0.7, to adequately provide shear rate in the majority of the batch particularly in pseudoplastic material. These impellers develop a flow pattern which may or may not encompass an entire tank, and these areas of motion are sometimes referred to as caverns. Several papers describe the size of these caverns relative to various types of mixing phenomena. An effec tive procedure for the blending of pseudoplastic fluids is given in Oldshue (op. cit.). 

Some Observations on the Use of Nys With D/T ratios of less than 0.4, uniformity throughout the rest of the tank is minimal. In D/T ratios greater than 0.4, the rest of the tank has a very vigorous fluid motion with marked approach to complete uniformity before Njs is reached. 

Figure 2-5 shows the improvement in eyele effieieney beeause of heat recovery with respect to a simple open-cycle gas turbine of 4.33.T ratio pressure and 1,200°F inlet temperature. Cycle efficiency drops with an increasing pressure drop in the regenerator. 

Figure 5-30. Effect of power on process result with constant D/T ratio. By permission. Fluid Mixing, Lightnin (formerly Mixing Equipment Co.), a unit of General Signal.

Emulsions require high shear in the mixing operation with high speed and low D/T ratio. 

Refrigerants 0°F 110°F psia, T Ratio Weight le ton cfm/TR fugal fugal eating fugal ... 

The applicable D/t ratios for yield strength collapse are shown in Table 4-151. 

TC = termination by combination rate constant T = ratio of the termination rate constant for combination to the rate constant for disproportionation CFM = ratio of the rate constant for monomer transfer to the constant for propagation... 

Figure 19. The predicted low T heat conductivity. The no coupling case neglects phonon coupling effects on the ripplon spectrum. The (scaled) experimental data are taken from Smith [112] for a-Si02 (AsTj/ScOd 4.4) and from Freeman and Anderson [19] for polybutadiene (ksTg/Hcao — 2.5). The empirical universal lower T ratio l /l 150 [19], used explicitly here to superimpose our results on the experiment, was predicted by the present theory earlier within a factor of order unity, as explained in Section lllB. The effects of nonuniversaUty due to the phonon coupling are explained in Section IVF.

Mixtures of Latex Particles. To further assess the success of the theory in calculating particle diameter averages, two binary mixtures were considered. Mixture 1 was a mixture of 183 and 85 nm particles in the wei t ratio 38.73/61.27, while mixt ire 2 was a mixture of 183 and 109 nm particles in the wei t ratio 51-05/ U8.95 Their chromatograms are shown in Figure 10. 

Using the previous equations and the calculated P/t- ratios, we can determine the angular shapes of the /detection( d) distribution for m J = 0, 1, or 2. The resulting distributions are shown in Fig. 4. Note that since the ratios of V k were used, the absolute scale is arbitrary only the relative shapes and magnitudes are important. We then fit the angular distribution data to a sum of these functions multiplied by the /dissociation term to obtain the relative m,j populations and the / value ... 

The observations that the pss depends upon the sensitizer concentration (for low-energy sensitizers Et < S3 kcal/mole) and that added azulene (Ef = 30 kcal/mole) alters the [Cy [T], ratio so that the pss contains more fra/w-stilbene requires the addition of the following reactions ... 

A protein that is unduT7 rich in the ten essential amino acids would not provide sufficient nitrogen for other metabolic processes without obligatory catabolism of the essential amino acids. Thus, the proportion of the total nitrogen intake that essential amino acids form indicate how a given protein fulfills nutritional requirements for proteins. This proportion, the E/T ratio (54), indicative of the amount of protein nitrogen supplied by essential amino acids, is (in g of essential amino acids per g of nitrogen)... 

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