Z/T ratios

In general, it is not necessary to model Z/T ratios between pilot and commercial units. 

There are several methods to achieve appropriate scale-up of mixing. The first method involves geometric similarity. This technique employs proportional scale-up of geometric parameters of the vessel. The scaled-up parameters may include such geometric ratios as T)/r ratio, where D is diameter of the impeller and T is diameter of the tank, and Z/T ratio, where Z is the height of the liquid in the vessel. Similar ratios are compared for both the small-scale equipment DiTi) and the larger size equipment (D2T2). For example,... 

Figure 43 illustrates a small laboratory fermenter with a Z/T ratio of 1, and in this case, depending on the power level, an estimate must be made of the gas mixing characteristics and an evaluation made ofthe suitability of the exit gas concentration for the driving force compared to the log-mean driving force. This is one area which needs to be explored in the pilot program and the calculation procedures. 

Factors with regression coefficients having confidence coefficients > 90% X, X X, Xf ANOVA F-ratio 22.56 i t z t... 

Although the values of K will depend on the nature of Q, Z, T, and v, there is, for each v, a special situation, the ideal random case, where the sorting of the substituents about the central atom follows the laws of random statistics. For this case, the Z and T substituents become arranged about the Q in a completely random fashion irrespective of other substituents which are attached to Q. The K values for the ideal random case may be derived mathematically. If it is assumed that the Z/T atom ratio is p/q (with p + q = 1), the probability P of having a central atom Q with i Z substituents and (v — i) T substituents in the v sites subject to redistribution is... 

Co-ozonolysis of /< r/-butylethene (3,3-dimethyl-l-butene) in the presence of benzoyl cyanide gave as major product (55%) 3-cyano-3-phenyl-l,2,4-trioxolane 103 along with 13% of the ft /t-butyl-substituted 1,2,4-trioxolanes 108 as a mixture of stereoisomers in 53 47 Z/E ratio which could be assigned from nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data, as only the (Z) compound shows an NOE enhancement (across the 1,2,4-trioxolane ring) of the ortho-phenyl protons upon irradiation of the Bu methyl groups (Equation (10) and Figure 5). 

Here, C( , z, t) is the scaled solute concentration in the fluid phase, Cw the solute concentration at the wall, 6 the normalized adsorbed concentration (O<0< 1), K the adsorption equilibrium constant, p the transverse Peclet number, T represents the adsorption capacity (ratio of adsorption sites per unit tube volume to the reference solute concentration), and Da is the local Damkohler number (ratio of transverse diffusion time to the characteristic adsorption time). We shall assume that p 4Cl while T and Da are order-one parameters. (In physical terms, this implies that transverse molecular diffusion and adsorption processes are much faster compared to the convection.)... 

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