System suitability capacity factor

Neutralizing capacity is not the only measure of a required amine feed rate. Once all acidic characteristics have been neutralized, amine basicity becomes the important issue because this raises the pH above the neutralization point, to a more stable and sustainable level. Consequently, in practice we are concerned with the level of amine necessary to raise the condensate pH to a noncorrosive level. This practical amine requirement is difficult to obtain from theoretical calculations because it must take account of the amine volatility, DR, and the boiler system amine recycling factor (as well as temperature). As noted earlier, the basicity of an amine has little or no relationship to its volatility or DR, so that reliable field results are probably a more important guide in assessing the suitability of an amine product than suppliers tables. 

Standards and blanks are the usual controls used in analytical HPLC. Standards are usually interspersed with samples to demonstrate system performance over the course of a batch run. The successful run of standards before beginning analysis demonstrates that the system is suitable to use. In this way, no samples are run until the system is working well. Typically, standards are used to calculate column plate heights, capacity factors, and relative response factors. If day-to-day variability has been established by validation, the chromatographic system can be demonstrated to be within established control limits. One characteristic of good science is that samples... 

There are no electrolyzers developed specifically for operation with wind turbines. However, the rapid response of electrochemical systems to power variations makes them suitable "loads" for wind turbines. Industrial electrolyzers are designed for continuous operation, mainly because their elevated investment cost requires high-capacity factors for reasonable payback times, but they are subject to a considerable number of current interruptions through their lifetime due to occasional power interruptions, accidental trips of safety systems, and planned stops for maintenance. Current interruptions are more frequent in specialty applications, where electrolyzers supply hydrogen "on demand." Therefore, the discontinuous use of the equipment is not new, and most commercial electrolyzers may be used in intermittent operation although a significant performance decrease is expected with time. In fact, it is not power variation, but current interruptions that may cause severe corrosion problems to the electrodes, if the latter are not protected by the application of a polarization current when idle. 

For example, if an HPLC system does not pass system suitability because of a capacity factor (k ) that is too low, the results of robustness testing could tell the analyst that the amount of organic can be changed by 10% without affecting the result. If evaluated at the time of validation, the analyst can make the adjustment with no additional validation. If this particular study has not been performed, the analyst has no other choice but to verify the validity of the method at the new condition. 

Other results obtained from the ruggedness test are the definition of optimized method conditions for the factors and of system suitability criteria for a number of responses. System suitability parameters [6,17] are defined as an interval in which a response can vary for a rugged method. The system suitability criteria are the range of values between which a response (e.g. retention time, capacity factor, number of theoretical plates, resolution) can vary without affecting the quantitative results of the analysis. For instance, a design is performed and the retention time of the main substance varies between 200 s and 320 s without affecting the quantitative determination of the substances. The system suitability criteria for the retention time is then defined as the interval 200 s - 320 s. 

System suitability should be based on criteria and parameters collected as a group that will be able to define the performance of the system. Some of the common parameters used include precision of repetitive injections (usually five or six), resolution (R), tailing factor (T), number of theoretical plates (N), and capacity factor ( ). 

Chromatographic system (see Chromatography, in the general procedure (621)) The liquid chromatography is equipped with a 280-nm detector and a 4.6 mm x 15-cm column that contains 5-/im packing L7. The flow-rate is about 0.8 ml/min. Chromatograph the System suitability solution, and record the peak responses as directed for Procedure the capacity factor, k , is not less than 6 the column efficiency is not less than 3000 theoretical plates the tailing factor is not more than 1.5 and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for replicate injections is not more than 1%. 

System suitability specifications and tests, Capacity factor (k ), Preci-sion/injector repeatability (RSD), Relative retention (a), Resolution (Rs),Tailing factor (T),Theoretical plate number (N)... 

The responses of main interest are different during both applications. In optimization, responses related to the separation of peaks (Section 6.2) are modelled. In robustness testing the quantitative aspect (the content determination) of the method is of most interest, since it is the one that should remain unaffected by small variations in the variables. Responses related to the separation (resolution, relative retention) or describing the general quality of the chromatogram (capacity factors, analysis times, asymmetry factors, and column efficacy) are often also studied. As recommended by the ICH guidelines the results of a robustness test can be used to define system suitability test limits for some of the responses [82]. 

Additional System Suitability Parameters. Other parameters for system suitability testing can be considered (e.g., capacity factor, number of theoretical plates, etc.). 

By input compounds names or chemical formulas to RPS, suitable descriptors for the compounds group desired are calculated with the same procedures as in the main function of RPS by the computer and then capacity factor s for the solutes at v u ious mobile phase compositions are predicted by step-by-step with the interval of X=0.01 for both aqueous acetonitrile and methanol mobile phases. The range available in this procedure is from 0.3 to 0.7 of X-values for acetonitrile system and from 0.4 to 0.8 for methanol system, respectively. After calculations of capacity factors for the desired solutes, Rgand Tp, for each step are estimated according to the equation-9 and 10, at five different flow rates of the mobile phase such as 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 uL/min (because we use microcolumns) and then quality of the separation is Judged using a simple numerical chromatographic response function (CRF) defined as follows ... 

Other objectives included enhancement of real safety, protection of owner investment, assurance of high capacity factors through the use of proven system components and concepts, and a standard design suitable for most potential sites world wide without significant design modification. 

Additional system suitability parameters Other parameters for system suitability testing can be considered (e.g., capacity factor, number of theoretical plates, etc.). Capacity factor can be especially important in methods used for stability testing, where adequate resolution of the peak of interest from the solvent front is required so that any degradation products are suitably resolved. 

Factors of importance in preventing such thermal runaway reactions are mainly related to the control of reaction velocity and temperature within suitable limits. These may involve such considerations as adequate heating and particularly cooling capacity in both liquid and vapour phases of a reaction system proportions of reactants and rates of addition (allowing for an induction period) use of solvents as diluents and to reduce viscosity of the reaction medium adequate agitation and mixing in the reactor control of reaction or distillation pressure use of an inert atmosphere. 

Equipment must be suitable, maintained and, where appropriate, calibrated. Computer systems used to generate, store and retrieve data should be of appropriate design and capacity, validated and suitably located. If there are computerized systems used to control environmental factors, then these also require the same consideration. Issues relating to computerized systems are covered in Section 9.2.1.8. 

Apparatus, including validated computerized systems, used for the generation, storage and retrieval of data, and for controlling environmental factors relevant to the study should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity. 

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