System loss factor, definition

In such a case, the power dissipation rate is the sum of the several contributions, and the system energy is the sum of the several energies. We, therefore, have the familiar and useful definition of system loss factor as follows (I.) ... 

For a simplified case, one can obtain the rate of CL emission, =ft GI /e, where /is a function containing correction parameters of the CL detection system and that takes into account the fact that not all photons generated in the material are emitted due to optical absorption and internal reflection losses q is the radiative recombination efficiency (or internal quantum efficiency) /(, is the electron-beam current and is the electronic charge. This equation indicates that the rate of CL emission is proportional to q, and from the definition of the latter we conclude that in the observed CL intensity one cannot distii pish between radiative and nonradiative processes in a quantitative manner. One should also note that q depends on various factors, such as temperature, the presence of defects, and the... 

A simpler and perhaps more concise definition might state Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. This definition embraces two things that we demand from an electrical device performance and life expectancy. Any power-related problem that compromises either attribute is a power quality concern. In light of this definition of power quality, this chapter provides an introduction to the more common power quality terms. Along with definitions of the terms, explanations are included in parentheses where necessary. This chapter also attempts to explain how power quality factors interact in an electrical system. 

When a chemical reaction proceeds, we have established (by reference to experiment) that energy will be conserved. But we have not found a way of predicting in which direction the reaction will go. In other words we have not found a suitable definition of the position of equilibrium. We have discovered that for molecular systems (which may approach equilibrium by endothermic processes) the energy, unlike the potential energy in mechanical systems, does not provide a sufficient criterion for equilibrium. A new factor must be introduced which will enable us to understand why heat always flows from hot to cold bodies and why a perfect gas will expand to fill its container, even though no loss of energy (by the system) accompanies these processes. 

An industry standard definition of mishap, provided in MIL-STD-882D, is An unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. It should be noted that in system safety, the term mishap is synonymous with accident. A mishap is effectively an actualized hazard, whereby the hazard transitions from the dormant conditional state to the active mishap event state. The three required components of a hazard predefine the mishap. A mishap would not be possible without the preexistence of a hazard. A mishap is an actual event that has occurred and has resulted in an undesired outcome. Mishaps and a hazards are directly related, they are linked together by risk and state space. A mishap is an actuated hazard it is the direct result of a potential hazard, when the hazard s IMs (or causal factors) occurs, transitioning the hazard from a potential condition state to a mishap event state with loss outcome. 

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