Synthetic glues

Kardashov DA (1976) Synthetic glues. Khimiya Moscow [in Russian]... 

Tyrosinase was reported to hydroxylate and oxidize tyrosine residues in proteins1231, which is important in the production of moisture-resistant adhesives. In fact, tyrosinase has been used for the production of synthetic glues with similar compositions to those of naturally occurring adhesives such as mussel glue1241. 

The lignin constituent can be utilized to bond agrowaste fibers in fiberboard production without a further need for synthetic glues, as Quintana et al. [25] produced fiberboards from banana bunch fibers without use of any binders. The performed a thermomechanical pretreatment hydrolyzing many of the hemicelluloses and redistribute the hgnin polymer to expose it in the surface of the fiber. 

During the last years a new application of synthetic glues has been developed, the so-called production of hon-woven materials, in which the stmcture is formed by gluing of individual fibers. This method is used in the production of the clothes and preparation of electro- and heat-isolation materials by a simple and cheap technology. In mass production, a preparation technique using glue is simpler and economically advantageous compared to other possible techniques. 

Water dispersed, solvent free, synthetic glue with low water content ... 

The company has 800 employees and an annual capacity of 20 000 tonnes of ABS resin. The company produces 20 kinds of synthetic rubber, synthetic glue, synthetic resin and organic chemical industrial materials. The total output has reached 90 000 tonnes annually. 

The medium is the binder which provides for the adhesion of pigments. The most important types are the temper media (glue, egg, and gum), the oils, and wax. In addition, for wall painting there is the tme fresco technique, where the pigments are laid down in a fresh, wet plaster preparation layer. Several other media have been used, but much less frequendy, eg, casein temper. In modem paints, a number of synthetic resins are used for this purpose. Contemporary artist paints are often based on acryhc polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers Paints). 

Synthetic resins are extensively used, e.g., in surface finishes, in the fabrication and repair of boat and motor vehicle bodies, in the manufacture of laminated boards, for electrical components, in pattern making and in paints and varnishes. Non-rubber adhesives made from fish glues and from cotton derivatives (e.g. cellulose acetate) tend not to be sensitizing but, depending upon composition and the manner of use, many other types may pose significant dermatitic and fume hazards. 

A number of different glues were utilized on early aircraft. Since these craft were manufactured during the infancy of synthetic polymeric chemistry, all were of natural origin. These glues are still in use today, though not for aerospace bonding. 

As polymer chemistry advanced in the 1930s and 1940s, stronger and more durable synthetic adhesives such as early phenol, resorcinol and urea formaldehydes began to supplant natural glues in wood aircraft manufacture. Around this time however, metal began to replace wood as the dominant material for aircraft manufacture. Aerospace adhesives research and development moved on to focus on metals, primarily aluminum, as the substrates of interest. 

At the same time, natural adhesives such as casein glues, animal glue and polysaccharide gums have gradually been replaced by synthetic adhesives vinyl thermoplastic adhesives [poly(vinyl acetate)], adhesives obtained by reticulation in situ of two components (as epoxy resins), represent very important materials in this field. 

Though animal glue was used as an adhesive for more than 3000 years but its commercial manufacture started only in 1808. Later on starch, casein and rubber based adhesives also came into use. After 1940, several synthetic resin adhesives have been developed. Polyacrylates are used commercially. 

By employing coordination complexes as branch points, dendrimers can be synthesized that contain metal ions throughout their structure. The repetitive unit of such dendrimers contains M-C, M-N, M-P, or M-S bonds [53,62]. The metal ions act as supramolecular glue [63], in which the complexation chemistry directs the assembly and structure of the dendrimer [53]. One of the synthetic procedures used to prepare organometallic dendrimers with coordination centers in every layer is based on a protection/deprotection procedure in which two complexes are used as dendritic building blocks wherein one acts as a metal and the other as a ligand [64,76]. 

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