Synthesis gas ‘syngas

Gasification. Gasification converts soHd fuel, tars, and oils to gaseous products such as CO, H2, and CH that can be burned direcdy or used in synthesis gas (syngas) mixtures, ie, CO and mixtures for production of Hquid fuels and other chemicals (47,48) (see Coal conversion processes, gasification Euels, synthetic-gaseous fuel Hydrogen). 

Indirect coal liquefaction is a technology in which coal is first gasified to synthesis gas ("syngas," CO + H2), which is used to synthesize liquid fuel by the Fischer—Tropsch process. 

Synthesis activities, EIA, 70 236 Synthesis gas (syngas), 73 766, 77 763 in ammonia synthesis, 2 695-701 carbon monoxide manufacture, 5 ... 

The reaction between alkenes and synthesis gas (syngas), an equimolar mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, to form aldehydes was discovered in 1938 by Otto Roelen [1,2]. Originally called oxo-reaction , hydroformyla-tion is the term used today. This reflects the formal addition of formaldehyde to the olefinic double bond. Commercially, homogeneous metal complexes based on cobalt and rhodium are used as catalysts. With more than 10 million metric tons of oxo products per year, this reaction represents the most important use of homogeneous catalysis in the chemical industry. 

At the end of World War II, Fischer-Tropsch technology was under study in most industrial nations. Coal can be gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas), which can be converted to paraffinic liquid fuels and chemicals by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Liquid product mainly contains benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), phenols, alkylphenols and cresol. The low cost and high availability of crude oil, however, led to a decline in interest in liquid fuels made from coal. 

Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that is produced from the reaction of carbon (usually coal or coke or similar carbonaceous material) with steam. 

Methanol. As is the case with ethanol, the concept of producing methanol from wood is not new. Methanol obtained from the destructive distillation of wood represented the only commercial source until the 1920s. The yield of methanol from wood by this method is low, only about 1-2 percent or 20 L/metric ton (6 gal/ton) for hardwoods and about one-half that for softwoods. With the introduction of natural gas technology, the industry gradually switched to a synthetic methanol formed from a synthesis gas (syngas) produced from reformed natural gas. Two volumes of H2 and one volume of CO are reacted in a catalytic converter at pressures of 1500-4000 psi to produce methanol. Presently, 99 percent of the methanol produced in the United States is derived from natural gas or petroleum. 

In a Liquid Phase Di-Methyl Ether process (LPDME), synthesis gas (syngas) is converted into dimethyl ether (DME) in a single slurry phase reactor over a catalyst system. Both methanol synthesis and methanol dehydration function as a physical mixture of a methanol synthesis catalyst and a dehydration catalyst (dual catalyst system). Three reactions take place simultaneously in the system, namely ... 

Dimethyl ether can be produced from natural gas, biomass, or other carbon containing materials. Using existing supplies of natural gas combined with current technology, DME can be economically produced on a large scale via synthesis gas. Syngas, or synthesis gas, is... 

The U.S. currently imports about sixty (60) percent of its oil requirements (7), which is expected to increase to about 70 percent by the year 2025 (7). This reliance on foreign sources of oil has created both national and economic security issues for the U.S. It is desirable to produce liquid transportation fuels from alternative sources. The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process can be used to produce liquid fuels from synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Liquid fuels produced from die F-T process have very low levels of sulfur compared to petroleum products these ultra-clean fuels are environmentally friendly. However, syngas is commonly produced from natural gas, which has become significantly more expensive in recent years (2). Alternative, less expensive feedstocks for syngas production can reduce the costs of liquid fuels produced through the F-T process. 

Reforming of natural gas. The first step of the SMR process involves methane reacting with steam at 750°C-800°C to produce a synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 

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