Synthesis extracts from biological tissues

Synthesis Using Extracts from Biological Tissues... 

The power of the pooled GST fusion protein approach will increase as new biochemical reagents and assays become available. The development of chemical probes for biological processes, termed chemical biology, is a rapidly advancing field. For example, the chemical synthesis of an active site directed probe for identification of members of the serine hydrolase enzyme family has recently been described (Liu et al., 1999). The activity of the probe is based on the potent and irreversible inhibition of serine hydrolases by fluorophosphate (FP) derivatives such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate. The probe consists of a biotinylated long-chain fluorophosphonate, called FP-biotin (Liu et al., 1999). The FP-biotin was tested on crude tissue extracts from various organs of the rat. These experiments showed that the reagent can react with numerous serine hydrolases in crude extracts and can detect enzymes at subnanomolar... 

The GM2 ganglioside (14) is an example of a carbohydrate antigen, specific for melanoma, sarcoma and kidney carcinoma. It could suit the purpose of an immuno therapy with monoclonal antibodies. In previous examinations the used GM2 was extracted from human and animal tissues. In this, one ran the risk of biological contamination of the GM2, which could influence the results of an examination. For this reason R. R. Schmidt et al. developed a total synthesis of the GM2 ganglioside to sustain sufficient substance for further immunological examinations without faking artifacts. ... 

The life of a cell depends on thousands of chemical interactions and reactions exquisitely coordinated with one another in time and space and under the influence of the cell s genetic instructions and its environment. How does a cell extract critical nutrients and information from its environment How does a cell convert the energy stored in nutrients into work (movement, synthesis of critical components) How does a cell transform nutrients into the fundamental structures required for its survival (cell wall, nucleus, nucleic acids, proteins, c3Aoskeleton) How does a cell link Itself to other cells to form a tissue How do cells communicate with one another so that the organism as a whole can function One of the goals of molecular cell biology Is to answer such questions about the structure and function of cells and organisms In terms of the properties of Individual molecules and Ions. 

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