Synthesis Claude

Claude (1) Also called Claude-Casale. A high-pressure ammonia synthesis process, developed by G. Claude in the 1920s. 

Gwilherm Evano was born in 1977 in Paris he studied chemistry at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris and received his Ph.D. from Universite Pierre et Marie Curie in 2002 under the supervision of Professors Francois Couty and Claude Agami. After postdoctoral study with Professor James S. Panek at Boston University, he became assistant professor at the University of Versailles in 2004. His research interests concern the field of asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles as well as their reactivity and the total synthesis of natural products. 

Lemieux and Spohr (Alberta) here trace our understanding of enzyme specificity in broad perspective as they assess Emil Fischer s lock and key concept advanced a century ago in relation to current ideas of molecular recognition. It may be noted that the very first article in Volume 1 of Advances, by Claude S. Hudson, was devoted to the Fischer cyanohydrin synthesis and the consequences of asymmetric induction. 

Vallantin-Rosier, C. (1999) Surface Organometallic Chemistry of Titanium. Toward the Synthesis of New Epoxidation Catalysts. PhD thesis, Universite Claude-Bernard (Lyon). 

Professor Stanislaw Lesniak was born in 1952 in Gorlice (Poland). He obtained his M.Sc. degree in chemistry from the University of Lodz (Poland) in 1976, studying the reactivity of aziridines. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the same university in 1983 for study of stereoselective reduction of aziridinyl ketones. He presented his habilitation thesis at the University of Lodz in 1996. Professor Lesniak lectured at the University of Lodz from 1977 and six months at the University Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 in 1987/1988. He was a research fellow in the Department of Chemistry at the University Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 in a group of Prof. Andre Laurent in 1984-85, 1987-1988, and 1991-92. At the same university, he was employed as a CNRS research worker in 2001-02 in the group of Prof. P. Goekjian. The focus of his studies has been synthesis and reactivity of small molecules, radical reactions, and reactions under flash vacuum thermolysis conditions. 

The high-pressure Claude-Casale ammonia synthesis process in the 1920s.1,12,20,21... 

Chemistry. Cyanogen chloride s first reported preparation was by French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet (1789). Jennings and Scott observed that various conditions can influence the stability of impure CICN (Jennings and Scott, 1919). A larger-scale synthesis of CK appeared shortly after the end of WWI (Price and Green, 1920). A typical synthesis involves the reaction of chlorine with an aqueous solution of sodium cyanide. A related anhydrous procedure yields the desired product with a density of 1.2 at 0°C. After purification, it can be stored (refrigerated) for months (Coleman et al., 1946). 

Alloy steels are more resistive than carbon steels. Chrome-vanadium, chrome-vanadium-aluminum, chrome-nickel-vanadium-aluminum steels stainless steels (18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel, 0 24 per cent chromium and 20 per cent nickel) and BTG metal (12 per cent chromium, 60 per cent nickel, 2.5 per cent tungsten) have been fovmd to be completely resistant. BTG metal is the special alloy developed for the Claude ammonia synthesis, where operating pressures extend to 15,000 psig and temperatures to 560°C. 

The Hikoshima plant started by importing technology for ammonia synthesis. A pilot plant having a daily production run of 5 tons was constructed utilizing the Claude process from France at a cost of 5,000,000 yen. The commercial process at Hikoshima started in 1924, but this system was new and needed many improvements. There were several accidents, causing explosions and casualties. Steady production was not reached until 1928. 

In the Claude method operation is at 900 atmospheres, and synthesis takes place at about 700° C. There are 5 catalyst tubes or converters, arranged with 2 in parallel, m series with 3 others in series. After each converter there is a condenser for the removal of the ammonia. If it is considered that 50 per cent of the gas mixture is converted into ammonia at each pass and that 200 volumes of gas is... 

Claude, G. "The Synthesis of Ammonia at High Pressures. Chimie et Industrie 4, 5-18 (1920). 

It was tested in several small 3 to 10 ton per day plants but was never operated intact on a large scale commercial basis. Instead the large commercial units became adaptations of the Haber process, the Cassale Process, or the Claude Process for ammonia synthesis. The American Process was originally described as using electrolytic hydrogen. This was much too expensive for commercial use in America at that time. Instead hydrogen was obtained from the reaction of steam with coal or later from the... 

Claude Cadoz, Annie Luciani and Jean-Loup Florens. CORDIS-ANIMA A Modeling and Simulation System for Sound Image Synthesis-The General Formalization. Computer Music Journal 17(1) 21-29(1993). 

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