Chrome vanadium

Brass.55 Chrome Vanadium Steel Tin.35 Everdur ff50. . 

Chrome-vanadium Cr, 4-8 high temperatures high-speed drills... 

The LCX is punctuated distal to the flow probe with a chrome-vanadium-steel electrode (3 mm length, 1 mm diameter). The electrode (anode) is placed in the vessel in contact with the intimal lining and connected over a Teflon coated wire to a 9 Volt battery, a potentiometer and an amperemeter. A disc electrode (cathode) is secured to a subcutaneous thoracal muscle layer to complete the electrical circuit. The intima is stimulated with 150 pA for 6 h. During this time, gradually an occluding thrombosis is formed. 

Alloy steels are more resistive than carbon steels. Chrome-vanadium, chrome-vanadium-aluminum, chrome-nickel-vanadium-aluminum steels stainless steels (18 per cent chromium and 8 per cent nickel, 0 24 per cent chromium and 20 per cent nickel) and BTG metal (12 per cent chromium, 60 per cent nickel, 2.5 per cent tungsten) have been fovmd to be completely resistant. BTG metal is the special alloy developed for the Claude ammonia synthesis, where operating pressures extend to 15,000 psig and temperatures to 560°C. 

Chromium has been found particularly efficient in preventing penetration and the attack of hydrogen. Chrome-vanadium steels are used frequently for high-pressure hydrogenation reactors. These steels average about 0.30 per cent carbon, 2 per cent chromium, and 0.02 per cent vanadium. 

Here we must note that, according to studies reported by Bohme etal, [65], the forces of adhesion (and consequently the contact area) remain constant if the material of the substrate and particles are interchanged. For example, it was found that the adhesion of carbonyl iron powder to a chrome-vanadium steel was the same as the adhesion of steel powder to a surface of carbonyl iron. 

Vanadium is a metal, used in many alloys. Ferrovanadium and ferrocliromium are added to steel in order to produce chrome-vanadium steels, used for springs and transmission gears. Vanadium metal and aluminum metal are used for the important titanium alloy Ti Al V (6% Al, 4% V). The major use of vanadium, besides metallurgy, is as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Vanadium pentoxide has replaced platinum as a catalyst for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. ... 

A. Ejector nues and Pins. Ejector pins are countersunk into the ejector plate. The pins extend through the mold to the core or cavity molding surface. Pins are made from a high chrome vanadium or nitriding steel. The ejector plate also contains four push-back pins. These push the ejector plate to its back position when the mold closes so that the ejector pins and cavities are not damaged. 

Chromium, 122 ppm of the earth s crustal rocks, is comparable in abundance with vanadium (136 ppm) and chlorine (126 ppm), but molybdenum and tungsten (both 1.2 ppm) are much rarer (cf. Ho 1.4 ppm, Tb 1.2 ppm), and the concentration in their ores is low. The only ore of chromium of any commercial importance is chromite, FeCr204, which is produced principally in southern Africa (where 96% of the known reserves are located), the former Soviet Union and the Philippines. Other less plentiful sources are crocoite, PbCr04, and chrome ochre, Cr203, while the gemstones emerald and ruby owe their colours to traces of chromium (pp. 107, 242). 

Commonly, blends of organic pigments with suitable inorganic pigments are used, such as nickel titanium yellow, chrome titanium yellow, bismuth-molybdenum-vanadium-oxide, or iron oxide. 

Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine (17 R1 = R2 = Ph) forms complexes with V, Sn, Ti and Zr in 5 to 9 M HC1 but only that of vanadium is extractable into chloroform, permitting a selective determination of that element in chrome ores. A-Cinnamoyl-V-phenylhydroxylamine is even more sensitive. In less acid solutions solvent extractable complexes are formed with a number of other cations and, for example, an orange-red complex of uranium(VI) is extracted by V-benzoyl-iV-phenylhydroxylamine into chloroform.52... 

A particle sample collected from the flue gases of the No. 12+13 pine pyrolysis oil was studied by light and electron microscopy. Single particles contained a lot of inorganic substances, mainly calcium, other substances being iron, silicon, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, chrome and vanadium. The amount of organic substances (e.g. tars) or carbon is likely small. 

The raw material for all chromium chemicals is chrome iron ore, so-called chromite, which is a spinel. It contains magnesium and aluminum as minor constituents and has the approximate composition (Fe, Mg)[Cr,Al,Fe(III)]204. Calcium, silicon dioxide and, in some cases, vanadium are also present in small quantities. 

Occasionally, rolls are coated to improve their wear resistance and/or to reduce pickup. Chrome plating is occasionally used, but in many cases, chrome is really not required. Tungsten, titanium, or vanadium carbide coatings or impregnation are occasionally used. 

The coulometry methods based on the physical law which sets the link between the weights of turned electricity and quantity of spent electricity. In many cases the electro generated coulometrical titrate enters in the oxidation process with organic substratum on the mechanism of reaction with the electron carriers. The most effective carriers ate the variable valence metals ions and its components oxidants—chrome (VI), manganese (III), cobalt (III), cerium (IV), vanadium (V), copper (II) deoxidants—cobalt (II), chrome (II), vanadium (HI), titanium (III), iron (II), copper (I), tin (II). The wide area of practical use of the halide ions (chloride-, bromide-, iodide-ions) highlights them apart Ifom a number of reagents—electron carriers. Halide—ions are... 

Tin Oxide. Two oxides exist but the more common is stannic oxide, Sn02, m.p. approx. 1630°C sp. gr. 7.0. It is used as an opaciher and in the preparation of colours, e.g. chrome-tin PINK (q.v.). Properties making this oxide of some interest as a special ceramic are its high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion (20-1000 C) 4 x 10- it is sensitive to reducing atmospheres. Tin oxide has been used for making refractory feeders for high-lead glasses. Tin-Vanadium Yellow. See vanadium... 

Table 11.2. Creep rupture strength of several alloys (after [39,125,129]). The creep rupture strength iim/iooooo/T i- e., the stress needed to cause fracture in a specimen at temperature T after 10 hours (creep rupture time), is stated. The creep resistance of the ferritic steels with large amounts of vanadium and chromium is significantly larger than that of simpler steels because vanadium and chrome carbides have a better temperature stabihty. Due to their close-packed face-centred cubic structure, the creep resistance of austenitic steels is larger. The creep strength of the nickel-base superalloys IN 738 (polycrystaUine) and SC 16 (single crystalline) were estimated from Larson-Miller data...

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