Synergetics principles

Chalyi, O.V. 2000. Synergetic Principles in Education and Science. Kyiv, Ukraine VIPOL (in Russian). 

Therefore, the stated above results showed synergetics principles applicability for the description of association (dissociation) processes of polymer segments in local order domains (nanoclusters) in case of amorphous glassy polymers. Such conclusion can be a priori, since a nanoclusters are dissipative structures [6], Testing temperature increase rises nanoclusters stability measure at the expense of possible reformations number reduction [14, 15],... 

Cross-section structure. An anisotropic membrane (also called asymmetric ) has a thin porous or nonporous selective barrier, supported mechanically by a much thicker porous substructure. This type of morphology reduces the effective thickness of the selective barrier, and the permeate flux can be enhanced without changes in selectivity. Isotropic ( symmetric ) membrane cross-sections can be found for self-supported nonporous membranes (mainly ion-exchange) and macroporous microfiltration (MF) membranes (also often used in membrane contactors [1]). The only example for an established isotropic porous membrane for molecular separations is the case of track-etched polymer films with pore diameters down to about 10 run. All the above-mentioned membranes can in principle be made from one material. In contrast to such an integrally anisotropic membrane (homogeneous with respect to composition), a thin-film composite (TFC) membrane consists of different materials for the thin selective barrier layer and the support structure. In composite membranes in general, a combination of two (or more) materials with different characteristics is used with the aim to achieve synergetic properties. Other examples besides thin-film are pore-filled or pore surface-coated composite membranes or mixed-matrix membranes [3]. 

We can specially show that the main principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics (the Onsager relations, the Prigogine theorem, symmetry principle) and other theories of motion (for example, theory of dynamic systems, synergetics, thermodynamic analysis of chemical kinetics) are observed in the MEIS-based equilibrium modeling. In order to do that, we will derive these statements from the principles of equilibrium thermodynamics. 

Refs. [i] Koryta J, Dvorak J, Kavan L (1993) Principles of electrochemistry. Wiley, Chichester [ii] Sawyer DT, Sobkowiak A, Roberts ]L Jr (1995) Electrochemistry for chemists. Wiley, New York [iii] Calvo EJ (1986) Fundamentals. The basics of electrode reactions. In Bamford CH, Compton RG (eds) Comprehensive chemical kinetics, vol. 26. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1-78 [iv] Conway BE (1999) Electrochemical processes involving H adsorbed at metal electrode surfaces. In Wieckowski A (ed) Interfacial electrochemistry, theory, experiment, and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 131-150 [v] Savadogo O (1999) Synergetic effects of surface active sites on the hydrogen evolution reaction. In Wieckowski A (ed) Interfacial electrochemistry, theory, experiment, and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 915-935... 

Figure 11. Schematic representation of the basic assembly principle of the giant-wheel -shaped cluster units forming layers of 12. The formation is based on the synergetically induced functional complementarity of the...

The theory of fractals and its application to physical and chemical processes has been developing vigorously in recent years [1-8]. To facilitate the understanding of the results presented in this chapter, we shall introduce some notions and definitions and consider briefly the grounds for applying the principles of synergetics and fractal analysis to the description of structures and properties of polymers. 

It has been noted previously that the structures and properties of polymers are studied using the principles of synergetics and methods of fractal analysis. This is based on several prerequisites. Firstly, amorphous glassy polymers have thermodynamically nonequilibrimn structure [32]. Schaefer and Keefer [33] showed that fractal structures are formed in nonequilibrium processes. Therefore, there is good reason to believe that there are fractal structures in glassy polymers and that they can be described using the methods of synergetics. These assumptions have been repeatedly confirmed by experiments [32, 34-40]. 

Principles of Brain Functioning A Synergetic Approach to Brain Activity, Behavior and Cognition... 

Novikov, V. U. Kozlov, G.V The principles of fractal approach to polymers structure. The non-Euclidean physics of polymers. In collection Applied synergetics, fractals and computer structure simulation. Ed. Oksogoev A.A., Tomsk, TSU, 2002, 268-302. 

Already there exists so much knowledge on the structure and functioning of the various microbe species, as well as on the mechanisms of activity of antimicrobial compounds, that is no longer a utopian demand, provided that the principal of synergetics is followed. According to this principle, appropriate interaction of individual entities or the combined action of suitable components leads to new structures and mechanisms of activity. 

It is known [5], that at elastoplastic behavior a system crack-local deformation zone deviates from thermodynamical equilibrium and for its analysis a principles, correct for close to equilibrium systems, for example, Griffith theory, are inapplicable. Besides, prefailure zone structure is differed from elastically deformed material structure (Fig. 5.3) that complicates additionally process analysis. As it was noted above, for polymers this effect is displayed as the formation of local deformation zones near crack tip, containing microvoids and oriented material (crazes) or oriented material only (ZD) [20]. Therefore, for fracture analysis in such cases fracture fractal theory is applied, using fractal analysis and general principles of synergetics [28]. 

Hence, the stated above results allow to give the following interpretation of critical temperatures and T of amorphous glassy polymers structure within the frameworks of solid body synergetics. These temperatures correspond to governing parameter (nanocluster contents) cp j critical values, at which reaching one of the main principles of synergetics is realized-sub-ordination principle, when a variables set is controlled by one (or several) variable, which is an order parameter. Let us also note reformations number m = 1 corresponds to structure formation mechanism particle-cluster [4, 5]. 

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