Syncrude

Table 7. Properties of Syncrude from H-Coal Process ...

Table 12. Properties of Shale Oil Syncrude and Arabian Light Crude ...

Solids separation is accomplished by vacuum distillation in the syncrude mode. Table 27-14 shows the product yields obtained in PDU tests with an Ilhnois No. 6 bituminous coal. 

Veba MPW 2% 250 Operational (to be closed) 1. Gas/syncrude 2. HCl (product) 3. Hydrogenated residue 87 ktpa before 2000 Higher chlorine content possible for short periods... 

Table VII shows the estimated yields from an SCT-SRC plus hydrotreating scheme along with published yields from SRC-I (5), SRC-II (6) and H-coal Syncrude (7) processes. The yields for the SCT dissolution operation at Wilsonville (8) are also included...

Table VII shows that the SCT-SRC plus upgrading yields significantly less gas and more liquid (residual material included) than the other processes. The hydrogen consumption in the two-step SCT process is higher than for the SRC-I process however, it is still lower than for the SRC-II process and significantly lower than for the H-Coal Syncrude operation.

Refining Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude Perspectives on Lessons from the Past... 

Fischer-Tropsch syncrude is best refined to transportation fuels with chemicals co-production. 

F1TFT syncrude is more efficient for the production of on-specification transportation fuels than LTFT syncrude. 

Refinery designs taking cognizance of the properties of the syncrude are more efficient than refinery designs imposing a crude oil design approach on syncrude. 

The primary product from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a complex multiphase mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and water. The composition of this mixture is dependent on the Fischer-Tropsch technology and considerable variation in carbon number distribution, as well as the relative abundance of different compound classes is possible. The primary Fischer-Tropsch product has to be refined to produce final products, and in this respect, it is comparable to crude oil. The primary product from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can therefore be seen as a synthetic crude oil (syncrude). There are nevertheless significant differences between crude oil and Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, thus requiring a different refining approach.1... 

Fischer-Tropsch syncrude, just like crude oil, does not refer to a single feed mixture. The syncrude composition depends on many variables, and for industrially optimized technologies, the two main parameters that affect syncrude... 

Within each syncrude type some variation is introduced by the operating conditions of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, such as pressure and H2 CO ratio, as well as by the Fischer-Tropsch reactor type. These variations cannot be ignored, and ultimately they have an impact on the refinery design. During the subsequent discussion it will become apparent that the selection of the Fischer-Tropsch technology influences not only the refinery design, but also the efficiency with which different products can be produced. 

Composition of the C3 and Heavier Gas and Oil Fractions from the Syncrude Produced by the German Normal-Pressure and Medium-Pressure Co-LTFT Processes... 

The first commercial Fischer-Tropsch facility was commissioned in 1935, and by the end of the Second World War a total of fourteen plants had been constructed. Of these, nine were in Germany, one in France, three in Japan, and one in China. Both German normal-pressure and medium-pressure processes (Table 18.1) were employed. The cobalt-based low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Co-LTFT) syncrude produced in these two processes differed slightly (Table 18.2), with the product from the medium-pressure process being heavier and less olefinic.11 In addition to the hydrocarbon product, the syncrude also contained oxygenates, mostly alcohols and carboxylic acids. 

The refinery design had to make provision for dealing with the oxygenates present in the syncrude. The beneficial use of alcohols has been noted. Carboxylic acids were neutralized and the resulting soaps recovered. However, the Fischer-Tropsch aqueous product was not refined. 

The design aim of the Hydrocol refinery was to produce abetter than 80% yield of motor gasoline from the Fe-HTFT syncrude at a quality that would be acceptable for the market (MON of 80 after tetraethyl lead addition). The refinery design (Figure 18.2) addressed the issues specific to the Hydrocol Fe-HTFT syncrude ... 

Gaseous C3-C4 olefins, which constituted one-third of the syncrude, were oligomerized to liquid products, mainly in the naphtha boiling range, to boost motor gasoline production. 

The complete oil fraction from FT synthesis was treated over bauxite, a natural silica-alumina, at a temperature around 400°C. This bauxite treatment step was a commercial process, called the Perco process, which was used as a sulfur removal step in oil refineries. The acid-catalyzed conversion of the syncrude over bauxite... 

RON and MON of the Hydrocol Fe-HTFT Syncrude before and after Upgrading over Bauxite, and with Different Levels of Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) Addition... 

FIGURE 18.3 Integration of Sasol 1 refineries for processing HTFT and LTFT syncrudes. 

The Arge Fe-LTFT syncrude (Table 18.8)29 was much heavier than the syncrude of the two German Co-LTFT processes (Table 18.2). The Arge Fe-LTFT syncrude exemplified a high a-value Fischer-Tropsch product with a significant linear paraffinic wax fraction. The syncrude (Table 18.8) from the Kellogg Fe-HTFT synthesis was very similar in carbon number distribution to that of Hydrocol Fe-HTFT synthesis (Table 18.5). 

Composition (Mass%) of the Sasol 1 Syncrudes from Arge Fe-LTFT and Kellogg Fe-HTFT Syntheses... 

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