Switch-on time

That means 1A - 0.67A = 0.33A is the average value of the capacitor current during the switch ON time (Block 3). In other words, although the capacitor cannot provide net DC (over the full cycle), it can and does provide the missing current of I0 x (1 - D) during the ON time. 

These data suggest that biogeochemical domains undergo a systems switch on time scales required for return of exported nutrients to the sea surfece. In oligotrophic waters, this return requires decades to centuries as the strong density stratification at these sites forces the return to proceed through the meridional overturning circulation. 

Fig. 33. Diffraction efficiency versus voltages for spatial frequencies in mm-1 10 (/), 28 (2), 51 (i). Switch on time versus voltages at spatial frequencies in mm"110 (/ ), 36 (2 ), 60 (S ). Commutational regime for polyimide-liquid crystal modulator with controlled birefringence [256]...

Therefore, switch-off times are independent of the field strength and directly dependent on material parameters, such as viscosity coefficients and elastic constants, and the cell configuration. Therefore, they are often three or four orders of magnitude larger than the switch-on times. However, sophisticated addressing techniques can produce much shorter combined response times ( on + off The nematic director should be inclined, e.g. 1° pretilt,... 

The switch-on time, ton ittd the switch-off time, toff are both proportional to the square of the cell gap, d, as for the TN-LCD, ... 

In order to have slow oscillations during and immediately after the laser source being switched on, e is written in terms of the maximum amplitude e0 and the switch-on time t as... 

Cycle Switch-on time constant (ms) Error ( ) Switch-ofF time constant (ms) Error ( )... 

Here the subscript ON refers to the switch being closed, and OFF refers to the switch being open. Von and Voff are the respective voltages across the inductor during the durations AtoN and AtoFF- Note that very often, AtoN is written simply as toN> the switch on-time. And similarly, AtoFF is simply torr- the switch off-time. 

Answer In a buck, energy continues to flow into the load (via the inductor) during the entire switching cycle (during the switch on-time and off-time). Therefore, the average inductor current must be equal to the load current, that is, II = Io-... 

That is a sinusoidal impulse for each of the sequences switching on time, duration, intensity, and phase. In terms of contemporary laser techniques, it is an easy task. Now chemists should consider transforming the reagents into products. The beginnings of such an approach are already present in the literature (e.g., J. Manz, G.K. Paramonov, M. Polasek, and C. Schutte, Isr. J. Chem., 34, 115(1994). 

Equations for the switching on time T n and the switching off time Toff under static driv-... 

Operating readiness (system availability) (a) Switch-on-time for a cold start Iqn s. 

Now imagine a situation where the magnetic field is abruptly switched on with a magnitude H greater than the critical threshold He, the initial uniform alignment of = 0 becoming unstable. To find the switch-on time, to be defined below, we proceed as follows. Suppose, in the initial stage of the dynamics, that (j> is small and satisfies the non-zero initial condition... 

This switch-on time is also called the reaction time or rise time by some authors and is one measure of the time taken for the reorientation of the director n to take place. Of course, for higher magnitudes of H other modes will become unstable. Actually, if nHe < H < n- -l)He then the first n modes are unstable and the sum of these modes approximates the growth of the perturbation with time after the magnetic field is switched on at a given magnitude greater than He ... 

It is not proposed to derive the switch-on time for a twisted nematic device in this text. However, it should be mentioned that in more complex geometries, such... 

It should first be noted that if flow is considered unimportant (for example, this may be the case for some materials when H is very near He) then the switch-on time can be derived analogously to that for the twist geometry given by (5.419), the result being... 

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