Swiss Water Process

In 1979, a Swiss company developed a distillation method to remove the caffeine from coffee, creating decaffeinated coffee. The Swiss water process proved popular among young urban professionals as it was considered to make a more natural product in comparison to the earlier method of making decaffeinated coffee,... 

In the common Swiss Water Process, coffee beans are soaked in hot water. This dissolves the caffeine and the flavouring compounds from the beans. The liquid is passed through activated carbon filters. The filters retain the caffeine, but let the flavouring compounds pass through. The filtered liquid, now caffeine-free, is sprayed back onto the beans. The beans reabsorb the flavouring compounds. Now they are ready for roasting. 

Today caffeine extraction using SCCO2 is the most commonly operated technology and, besides the more expensive Swiss Water process (using only water - saturated with the coffee s own sugars and pephdes - as an extracting agent [12]), it is the only one which is considered to be sustainable. 

C Bindschaedler, R Gurny, E Doelker. Process for preparing a powder of water insoluble polymer which can be redispersed in a liquid phase, the resulting powder and utilization thereof. Swiss Patent 1497/88 (1988). 

Ward J, Malard F, Tockner K, Uehlinger U (1999) Influence of ground water on surface water conditions in a glacial flood plain of the Swiss Alps. Hydrological Processes 13 277... 

Rinse the sample thoroughly (>12 h) in water and process for paraffin embedding (dehydrate through at ethanol series and then to xylene, do not allow nervous system samples to sit longer than necessary in ethanol or white matter tracts will look like Swiss cheese). 

In addition, although most abiotic processes are nonenantioselective, not aU are indeed the case. Nucleophilic 5 jv2-substitution reactions at a chiral center will result in chiral inversion to the antipodal enantiomer. While such processes are often biologically mediated, as for the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [328], they can also be abiotic. Appropriate sterile controls should be used for experiments with such compounds, as was done in the demonstration of microbial chiral inversion of ibuprofen in Swiss lake water [329]. Photolysis of a-HCH [114], /3-PCCH [114], and chlordane compounds [116] was demonstrated not to be enantioselective, as expected for an abiotic process. However, this may not be the case for some pyrethroids, known to isomerize photolytically. 

In general, milk and dairy products (particularly Swiss-type cheeses), certain fruits (kiwi, oranges) and vegetables (broccoli, dried beans) as well as processed food such as chocolate exceed others such as meat, poultry or pasta in their relevance for optimal calcium nutrition (Tables 2.3-2 and 2.3-3). Since consumption of mineral water, which can contain relatively high amounts of calcium (Table 2.3-2), is increasing in industrialized countries, it becomes more and more important as a calcium source. 

Verband der Chemischen Industrie (VCI, Association of the German Chemical Industry) [30]. In integrated environmental protection, the aim is to devise a process that causes as little pollution of air, water, and soil as possible, and in which integrated production methods enable residues to be utilized as fer as possible. The technical and economic aims of the production process must nevertheless be fiilfilled. This definition is also used by the Swiss chemical industry [31]. 

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