Swimming speed

Dose-dependent increase in swimming speed in light-adapted larvae 30... 

Most insecticides, especially the organophosphate group, cause neurotoxicity as their major mode of action. Assessment of the neurotoxicity includes neurochemical endpoints such as cholinesterase (including acetylcholinesterase, which is the major neurotransmitter in vertebrates such as fish, and other enzymes such as butyrylcholinesterase) inhibition and behavioral endpoints such as swimming speed [79]. Studies done in rats show the neurotoxic action of insecticides such as dimethoate, methyl parathion, dichlorvos, ethyl parathion or propoxur after a prolonged exposure [80,81]. 

Loss of positive phototaxis in embryos exposed for 96 h 31 Dose-dependent increase in swimming speed in light- 30 adapted larvae... 

Increased swimming speed of stage I, II, and III larvae 35 No adverse effects on larval survival during exposure 36 for 20 days... 

Brett, J.R. and Glass, N.R. (1973). Metabolic rates and critical swimming speeds of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in relation to size and temperature. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30,379-387. 

Demin, V.I., Androsova, I.M. and Ozemyuk, N.D. (1989). Energy metabolism adaptations in fish the influence of swimming speed and temperature on the cytochrome system of skeletal muscle (In Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 308,241-246. 

Duthie, G.G. (1982). The respiratory metabolism of temperature-adapted flatfish at rest and during swimming activity and the use of anaerobic metabolism at moderate swimming speeds. Journal of Experimental Biology 9,359-373. 

Farmer, G.J. and Beamish, F.W.H. (1969). Oxygen consumption of 7ilapia nilotica in relation to swimming speed and salinity. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26,2807-2821. 

Hudson, R.C.L. (1973). On the function of the white muscle in teleosts at intermediate swimming speeds. Journal of Experimental Biology 58,509-522. 

Quinn, T.P. (1988). Estimated swimming speeds of migrating adult sockeye salmon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66,2160-2163. 

Sukumaran, N. and Kutty, M.N. (1977). Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in the catfish with special reference to swimming speed and ambient oxygen. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 86B, 195-206. 

Walker, M.G. and Emerson, L. (1978). Sustained swimming speeds and myotomal muscle function in the trout, Salmo gairdneri. Journal of Fish Biology 13,475-481. 

Wardle, C.S. (1980). Effects of temperature on the maximum swimming speed of fishes. In Environmental Physiology of Fishes (M.A. Ali, ed.), pp.519-531, NATO Advanced Study Institute Series, No. 35, Plenum Press, New York. 

Ware, D.M. (1975). Growth, metabolism and optimal swimming speed of a pelagic fish. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32,33-41. 

Standard models for bacterial chemotaxis are based on the behavior of nonmarine enteric bacteria.196 Chemotactic behavior of nonmarine bacteria consists of discrete steps of short runs interspersed with tumbling, resulting in the random repositioning of the cells, i.e., the classical random walk. As a consequence, the net speed up a chemical gradient via the random-walk response is only a few percent of the swimming speed. The relatively slow speed and mode of chemotaxis displayed by nonmarine enteric bacteria would restrict the ability of marine bacteria to respond to chemical gradients in the sea and hence cast doubt on the importance of chemotaxis for bacteria in turbulent marine environments. 

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