Susquehanna River

Copper concentrations in freshwater fishes collected nationwide in the United States have not changed significantly since 1978 (Schmitt and Brumbaugh 1990). In 1984, samples with the highest copper concentrations were Mozambique tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) from Hawaii and white perch (Morone americana) from the Susquehanna River in Maryland. These locations have historically... 

In general, silver concentrations in surface waters of the United States decreased between 1970-74 and 1975-79, although concentrations increased in the north Atlantic, Southeast, and lower Mississippi basins (USPHS 1990). About 30 to 70% of the silver in surface waters may be ascribed to suspended particles (Smith and Carson 1977), depending on water hardness or salinity. For example, sediments added to solutions containing 2 pg Ag/L had 74.9 mg Ag/kg DW sediment after 24 h in freshwater, 14.2 mg/kg DW at 1.5% salinity and 6.9 mg/kg DW at 2.3% salinity (Sanders and Abbe 1987). Riverine transport of silver to the ocean is considerable suspended materials in the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania — that contained as much as 25 mg silver/kg — resulted in an estimated transport of 4.5 metric tons of silver to the ocean each year (USEPA 1980). The most recent measurements of silver in rivers, lakes, and estuaries using clean techniques show levels of about 0.01 pg/L for pristine, nonpolluted areas and 0.01 to 0.1 pg/L in urban and industrialized areas (Ratte 1999). 

Five soils and leachate-sprayed soils from the Susquehanna River basin in Pennsylvania and New York had levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ranging from 0.001 to 1.2 mg/kg (Russell McDuffie, 1983). Contaminated soil in the Netherlands was found to contain up to 1.5 mg/kg dry matter (Warns, 1987). Residues of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in soil collected in the vicinity of a di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate manufacturing plant amounted to up to 0.5 mg/kg (Persson et al., 1978). 

Figure 7.19b Susquehanna River discharge (a), 7Be atmospheric deposition (b), and 7Be inventories in Chesapeake Bay (USA) (c-h), showing lower inventories at the SUSQ station relative to the higher inventories at the BALT and CALV stations due to inputs of 7Be-rich sediments from the head of the Bay followed by redeposition farther down in the estuary. (Modified from Dibb and Rice, 1989.)...

In addition, all young children were able to identify the representational meaning of at least some parts of the representations (understanding at the componential level, see Liben Downs, 1989, 1991). There were, however, confusions in distinguishing incidental from referential features. Sometimes the assumption of fully motivated symbols facilitated correct interpretations, as when children correctly identified the Susquehanna River on the road map of Pennsylvania as a river because it s blue or... 

Fisher R. S. and Stueber A. M. (1976) Strontium isotopes in selected streams within the Susquehanna River Basin. Water... 

Foster GD, Lippa KA, Miller CV (2000) Seasonal concentrations of organic contaminants at the fall line of the Susquehanna river basin and estimated fluxes to the Northern Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environ Tox Chem 19, 992-1001. 

Lewis, D. M. (1976). The geochemistry of manganese, iron, uranium, lead-210 and major ions in the Susquehanna River. Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. 

A study of Connecticut streams (Turekian, 1971) indicated that the trace metals, cobalt and silver, are maintained at low concentrations in solution as the result of the scavenging action of suspended particles. Even where acid industrial wastes are dumped into the stream, as in the Naugatuck River, which joins the Housatonic River, suspended particles act to lower the dissolved concentrations. We infer from studies involving the behavior of Pb in the Susquehanna River and of Co and Ag in the major Connecticut rivers that the dissolved trace-metal concentration is maintained at low levels in stream water and thus the primary mode of transportation to the estuarine zone is via particles. 

Lewis, D. M. (1977). The use of Pb as a heavy metal tracer in the Susquehanna River system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1557-1564. 

Three Mile Island on the Susquehanna River is located about 16 km SE of Harrisburg Pa, USA. It is a flat island with a surface of several square kilometres. Some years ago it was chosen as the site for a nuclear power station with two units named TMI-1 and TMI-2. Each unit has its own reactor and turbine-generator group for the conversion of steam into electric energy. The two units could supply 1700 MW to the grid, sufficient for the needs of 300 000 families (based on the average consumption of a US family). 

March 28, 1979, Three Mile Island, PA. One of the nuclear power plants on this island in the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, PA, experienced a loss-of-coolant accident. The event involved many complex issues. One class of problems involved the design of displays and controls in the plant control room. 

Sites associated with the Clemson Island tradition date between A.D. 700 and 1300 and are largely found along the north and west branches of the Susquehanna River. Owasco sites generally date between A.D. 900 and 1300 and are concentrated in central and southern New York. The spatial distribution of Owasco sites minimally overlaps the Clemson Island tradition with a few camps reported in north-central Pennsylvania. The settlement patterns of these groups are oriented around agriculturally based hamlets and smaller resource procurement sites. 

St. Anthony s, Fisher Farm, and clay sample 5 are located in central Pennsylvania south of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. This area is the heartland of the Clemson Island tradition and it seems reasonable that only Clemson Island sherds grouped here. 

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