Suspension effect

Samples that contain suspended matter are among the most difficult types from which to obtain accurate pH readings because of the so-called suspension effect, ie, the suspended particles produce abnormal Hquid-junction potentials at the reference electrode (16). This effect is especially noticeable with soil slurries, pastes, and other types of colloidal suspensions. In the case of a slurry that separates into two layers, pH differences of several units may result, depending on the placement of the electrodes in the layers. Internal consistency is achieved by pH measurement using carefully prescribed measurement protocols, as has been used in the determination of soil pH (17). 

Liquid-solid separations, pilot plant, 18 731 Liquid-solid suspension, effective thermal conductivity of, 13 277 Liquid-state metal-matrix composite processing, 16 166-169 Liquid steel, 23 250 Liquid stream dehydration, molecular sieves in, 16 840... 

Lyon DY, Adams LK, Falkner JC, Alvarez PJJ (2006) Antibacterial activity of fullerene water suspensions Effects of preparation method and particle size. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 4360 1366. 

Tunesi, S. and Anderson, M., Photocatalysis of 3,4-DCB in TiOz aqueous suspensions effects of temperature and light intensity, Chemosphere, 16, 1447, 1987. 

B. Linear and Cubic Dynamic Susceptibilities of a Dipolar Suspension Effect of Mechanical Orientation... 

Thus, under equilibrium conditions, the emf of the double electrode-pair system is determined solely by electric potential differences developed at the two liquid junctions that involve KC1 salt bridges. The two Ej may differ because of the effect of soil colloids. Thus the fact that this emf can develop is known as the suspension effect.40 Only ionic transport processes across the liquid junctions need be taken into account in order to evaluate E. Ionic transport processes across the semipermeable membrane between the suspension and the solution are not germane. Moreover, since neither Ej nor Ej can be calculated by strictly thermodynamic methods, the interpretation of E must be made in terms of specific models of ionic transport across salt bridges contacting suspensions and solutions. Thus the relation between E and the behavior of ions in soil suspensions is not direct. 

Elapsed time (min) Observed specific gravity of suspension Effective depth (cm) Suspension weight density... 

Sedimentation in monodisperse and polydisperse suspensions effect of wall inclination. 

To approach physical stability problems of suspensions, effectiveness and stability of surfactants as well as salt concentrations must be checked with accelerated aging. In addition, unit operations affecting particle size distribution, surface area, and surfactant effectiveness should be approached, taking into account that different types of distributions, for instance, volume or number weighted, give a different average diameter for an equal sample [43],... 

Abbreviations titr. titration el. phor. = electrophoresis el. cap. = electric capacitance str. pot. = streaming potential stab. = colloid stability comm. = commercial product chromatogr. = chromatographic 1mm. = immersion susp. eff. = suspension effect, prec. = precipitated. 

A few PZCs reported in [1] (and quoted after [1]) were obtained by methods other than titration or electrokinetic methods. The principles of these methods were not described in detail, but names such as suspension effect, by adsorption of Zn and Co, and minimum gelation rate suggest that these PZCs do not meet the standards recommended in the present book, and such results are ignored in Chapter 3. On the other hand, a few PZCs obtained by means of the drift method cited after [1] are cited as such in Chapter 3. 

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