Survival analysis

Sanchez-Carbonell X, Sens L Ten-year survival analysis of a cohort of heroin addicts in Catalonia the EMETYST project. Addiction 95 941—948, 2000 Schindler SD, Eder H, Ortner R, et al Neonatal outcome following buprenorphine maintenance during conception and throughout pregnancy. Addiction 98 103-... 

Comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival estimates is often called for in clinical trial analysis. With survival analysis, you are trying to determine which treatment group displays a better time-to-event distribution than another. Part of this analysis is the production of Kaplan-Meier estimates plots that show the probability of a given event over time for each treatment group. In the following example you see that New Drug displays better survival estimates over time than either Old Drug or Placebo. ... 

SAS Survival Analysis Techniques for Medical Research, Second Edition by Alan B. Cantor... 

TABLE 9.5. Interpretation of the Analysis of Tumor Incidence and Survival Analysis (Life Table)... 

The special methods we are going to discuss in this section were first developed primarily in the 1970s and applied in the context of analysing time to death and this is why we generally refer to the topic as survival analysis . As time has gone on, however, we have applied these same techniques to a wide range of time-to-event type endpoints. The list below gives some examples ... 

Throughout this section we will adopt the conventions of the area and refer to survival analysis and survival curves, accepting that the methods are applied more widely to events other then death. 

In a somewhat similar vein, Biederman et al. (1998) used survival analysis to determine the effect of mood... 

There is every reason to expect that this property would exist with olanzapine. Three fixed-dose ranges of olanzapine (5.0 2.5 mg, 10.0 2.5 mg, 15.0 2.5 mg) and one fixed-dose range of haloperidol (15.0 5 mg) were compared with placebo for up to 52 weeks of therapy (218). Survival analysis of time to rehospitalization for psychotic symptoms indicated that olanzapine was comparable to haloperidol and significantly better than placebo (p = 0.007). Kaplan-Meier estimation showed that 71.5% of olanzapine-treated patients did not relapse, compared with 32.8% for those on placebo. Further, another survival analysis demonstrated that significantly fewer patients in the olanzapine treatment group experienced relapse at any given time than those in the haloperidol group (i.e., p = 0.048 80.9% for olanzapine compared with 72.2% for haloperidol). 

Morin CM, Belanger L, Bastien C, Vallieres A (2005) Long-term outcome after discontinuation of benzodiazepines for insomnia a survival analysis of relapse. Behav Res Ther 43 1-14... 

Reynolds, C.F. 3rd, Perel, J.M., Frank, E., Imber, S., and Kupfer, D.J. Open-trial maintenance nortriptyline in geriatric depression survival analysis and preliminary data on the use of REM latency as a predictor of recurrence. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989, 25 129-132. 

Wiesner RH, Grambsch PM, Dickson ER et al. (1989) Primary sclerosing cholangitis natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis. Hepatology 10 430-436... 

Figure 2.10 Two approaches for dynamic survival analysis. The fraction surviving (S) is shown for a range of concentrations (each line represents a different dose). Top the individual tolerance concept assumes that an organism dies instantly when its threshold is exceeded (the threshold is normally distributed in this example, yielding an s-shaped relation between internal concentration and fraction dead, M). Bottom the stochastic approach assumes that the internal concentration increases the probability to die (here with a threshold, and a linear relation between body residue and hazard rate, h).

Bedaux and Kooijman 1994 Kooijman 1996 Newman and McCloskey 1996, 2000 Zhao and Newman 2007). This is not just an academic discussion the 2 theories lead to different time courses of mortality at constant exposure (Kooijman 1996) (see Figure 2.10) and have very different consequences for sequential exposure (Newman and McCloskey 2000 Zhao and Newman 2007). In reality, both sensitivity difference and stochasticity are likely to play a role in mortality. Individuals also differ in sensitivity, especially in field populations, but there is clearly a substantial stochastic component involved in mortality that cannot be ignored. The method to deal with stochastic events in time is survival analysis or time-to-event analysis (see Bedaux and Kooijman 1994 Newman and McCloskey 1996). For industrial practices, this method has a long history as failure time analysis (see, e.g., Muenchow 1986). Bedaux and Kooijman (1994) link survival analysis to a TK model to describe survival as a function of time (i.e., the hazard rate is taken proportional to the concentration above a threshold value). Newman and McCloskey (1996) take an empirical relationship between external concentration and hazard rate. 

Schmoor C, Sauerbrei W, Schumacher M (2000). Sample size considerations for the evaluation of prognostic factors in survival analysis. Statistics in Medicine 19 441-452 Schumacher M, Hollander N, Sauerbrei W (1997). Resampling and cross-validation techniques a tool to reduce bias caused by model building Statistics in Medicine 16 2813-2827... 

Cross-validation in survival analysis. Statistics in Medicine 12 2305-2314 West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Group (1996). West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials. Lancet 348 1339-1342... 

Hessel, F.P., Mltzner, S.R., Rief, J., Gnellstorff, B., Steiner, S., Wasem, J. Economic evaluation and 1-year survival analysis of MARS in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Liver Internal. 2003 23 66-72... 

Floreani, A., Zancan, L., Melis, A., Baragiotta, A., Chlaramonte, M. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) clinical, laboratory and survival analysis in children and adults. Liver 1999 19 228-233... 

E.A. Primary sclerosing cholangitis in 32 children clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features, with survival analysis. X. Hepatol. 2004 40 857-859... 

De La Mata J, Blanco FJ, Gomez-Reino JJ. Survival analysis of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in Spanish rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 1995 54(ll) 881-5. 

Benedetti Panici P, Greggi S, Scambia G, Baiocchi G, Lomonaco M, Conti G, Mancuso S (1993) Efficacy and toxicity of very high-dose cisplatin in advanced ovarian carcinoma 4-year survival analysis and neurological follow-up. Int J Gynecol Cancer 3(1) 44-53... 

The name survival analysis reflects one situation in which this type of analysis is used. When the participants in a clinical trial are very ill, the measurement of efficacy can be the length of time that they live, that is, death is the "event."... 

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