Types of events

Figure 6 shows the histogram of localized AE events vs axial position for the same time period as in fig.5. The location of the AE source corresponds, within source location errors (< 10-15 cm), to one of the welds under surveillance. The weld was known by ultrasonic examination to be affected by internal discontinuities. However, the position of the source could also correspond to one of the hangers. The steps observed in EA event accumulation have taken place during steady load operation, which normally corresponds to very low background noise conditions. This type of event, however, has not been observed afterwards. 

Each event treated requires a different approach in estimating effects. Therefore, each type of event is covered in a separate chapter. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 give background information, including experimental and theoretical research and conse-... 

Modified ADL Usage Not used as even events normally expected to occur c m lead to an uiidesired outcome and data may not be any more accurate than for any other type of event... 

Fig. 1-11. Fate of an x-ray beam. Two types of events occur as an x-ray beam is absorbed in matter—more precisely, as x-ray quanta disappear from the beam. These types of events are photoelectric absorption, measured by r, and scattering, measured by a. (See Eq. 1-8.)...

In addition to the time representation and material balances, scheduling models are based on different concepts or basic ideas that arrange the events of the schedule over time with the main purpose of guaranteeing that the maximum capacity of the shared resources is never exceeded. As can be seen in Figure 8.5 and Table 8.1, we classified these concepts into five different types of event representations, which have been broadly utilized to develop a variety of mathematical formulations for the batch scheduling problem. Although some event representations are more... 

An alarm system is a type of electronic monitoring system that is used to detect and respond to specific types of events—such as unauthorized access to an asset, or a possible fire. In chemical processing systems, alarms are also used to alert operators when process operating or monitoring conditions go out of preset parameters (i.e., process alarms). These types of alarms are primarily integrated with process monitoring and reporting systems (i.e., SCADA systems). Note that this discussion does not focus on alarm systems that are not related to a facility s processes. 

An alarm system consists of sensors that detect different types of events an arming station that is used to turn the system on and off a control panel that receives information, processes it, and transmits the alarm and an annunciator that generates a visual and/or audible response to the alarm. When a sensor is tripped it sends a signal to a control panel, which triggers a visual or audible alarm and/or notifies a central monitoring station. A more complete description of each of the components of an alarm system is provided below. 

Detection devices (also called sensors) are designed to detect a specific type of event (such as smoke, intrusion, etc.). Depending on the type of event they are designed to detect, sensors can be located inside or outside of the facility or other asset. When an event is detected, the sensors use some type of communication method (such as wireless radio transmitters, conductors, or cables) to send signals to the control panel to... 

The same type of event may have been observed at Amarillo, Texas during tests associated with transportation hazards of LNG for the API 6A6 (LPG/LNG) subcommittee of the API Tanker Committee. A 0.03-m quantity of LNG was being pumped into a cooling pond. It was heaved into the air and was reported to have reacted explosively on contact with the water. 

The aluminum industry has maintained careful records of most molten metal-water accidents. Many of these are summarized in Table XIV to indicate the general types of events. Also noted is the approximate damage due to each incident. 

In Table XV, some data are given for molten metal-water explosions not involving aluminum. In most of these cases, the quantity of metal was large. Because only the more serious explosions are reported, these tend to illustrate the most damaging type of event. Again, it is interesting to note that usually only small quantities of water were involved. 

The term cooperativity will be used almost synonymously with correlation, except for restricting its usage to a particular type of event, namely, site i is occupied and site j is occupied. In Eq. (1.1.21), we defined the pair correlation between two such events. In Eq. (1.1.22), we defined the triplet correlation among three such events. 

In accordance with the usual convention, we define a detonation as a reaction traveUing faster than the local speed of sound in the unreacted medium, and a deflagration as being a reaction travelling at or slower than the local speed of sound in the unreacted medium. An example of each type of event is given below ... 

A specialized approach is to use historical data to infer or identify potential causes. In this case, the investigators use past experience to look for patterns consistent with failure hypotheses. The technique is only as good as the records, and if data have not been put in the files, or are in error, then misleading inferences may result. In addition, if this type of event has not occurred before, the approach will not work. Failure data for the system under investigation are presented in a timeline that can be correlated with overall plant history. Two things are sought ... 

Stationary) and the other is moving, and if its trajectory crosses the location of the other object, the energy of the moving object is distributed between the two. If the collision is perfectly elastic the energy remains with the moving ball—if it is inelastic some level of energy transfer will take place. We observe very similar type of events at the molecular level when photons collide with atoms or molecules. 

The following types of events were observed in the simulation of PA. (i) About one-third of the simulations show no reaction even after 100 ps simulation time, (ii) An H atom transfer from methyl group to the carbonyl group (Figure 1.6a), the initial step in Norrish type n reaction, occurred in some trajectories. There was no clear preference for early versus late timing of this event in the simulation time of up to 100 ps. (hi) Loss of CH3C(0) radical corresponding to Norrish... 

Among the original 186, forty case reports were identified that met the criteria. Thirty-three were from the United States, and seven were reported from foreign countries. Drug names and types of events described are listed in Table 1. Three case reports are presented below. 

There are two types of events that trigger inspection categories that will regularly prompt an inspection request, and categories in which the district office may elect to perform an inspection at their discretion for elements of applications — filed or otherwise. 

For a 0, Eqs. (8) and (9) for the mean values qf contain terms in higher-order correlations, a familiar and frequently frustrating type of event in statistical mechanics. However, as shown in the Appendix, when the system is not too far from equilibrium (i.e., small perturbations only) the terms (a (a, Oj) may be replaced by < j)d l, when d is the dimensionality of the system. 

Fractionation correlation techniques have been applied to cloud, fallout, and ground-filter samples from the Transient Nuclear Test of January 1965. Although safety analysts do not consider fractionation effects to be of operational importance for this type of event, analysis of such data provides insight into the mechanisms of debris formation. The results show many similarities to the correlations observed for fallout. Those dissimilarities found indicate the importance of escape processes to the formation mechanisms for this type of debris. 

The ability to make small alterations in structure allows us to explore the types of events that occur in the final stages of evolution and that fine-tune an enzyme to its physiological environment. Starting from the final structure, which is presumably optimal for the native environment, we can work backward by inducing mutations that make the enzyme less active. We can first detect the types of changes in activity on mutation. 

The third of the major classes of chemical reaction are the redox reactions. These reactions are of extraordinary versatility. Many common reactions, like combustion, corrosion, photosynthesis, the metabolism of food, and the extraction of metals from their ores look completely different superficially but to a chemist s eye, they are all aspects of a single type of event. Once again, we see how chemistry gives us eyes to see the extraordinary complexity of the world as the outcome of much simpler events going on below the surface. 

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