Surrogate surfaces designs

Table 2 describes many of the surrogate surface designs reported in the literature. The descriptions are listed in order of increasing rim height. Unless otherwise noted, these collectors are generally positioned horizontally, facing... 

Many specific processes of dry deposition in the field are best studied with surrogate surfaces which can be modified to suit the design of the experiment. Examples include investigations into the effects of obtacle geometry and surface roughness. 

Relating fluxes on surrogate surfaces to those on some natural surfaces may be feasible for certain designs of collectors. Research to assess this possibility is needed (11). 

This paper addresses the use of surrogate surfaces to assess dry deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Several of the designs of artificial... 

Many different designs of surrogate surfaces have been used to measure dry deposition in the field. These include smooth flat surfaces, rough flat surfaces, and collectors with complex geometries. Examples of additional design modifications include application of an adhesive coating to minimize particle resuspension, covering the surface with a film of water to study... 

This paper has presented a review of the various methods of monitoring dry deposition using surrogate surfaces, and has summarized data obtained using some of these surfaces. The lack of a standardized surface design and standardized field deployment procedures make comparison of the results obtained by the surfaces difficult. Nevertheless, the data show some consistencies deposition velocity increases with increasing MMD of depositing species, and there is a definite pattern when data for filter paper, flat plates, and Petri dishes are compared. 

The essence of the SM technique is approximation of functions g by simple algebraic expressions s within a subset H of parameter space 0. The approximating functions for the responses are obtained using the methodology of the response surface technique [17,19,27], by means of a relatively small number of computer simulations, referred as computer experiments. They are performed at pre-selected combinations of the parameter values and the entire set of these combinations is called a design of computer experiments. The computer experiments are performed using the complete dynamic model (3) and the functions obtained in this manner are referred as surrogate models. 

Recall that the developed response surfaces, or surrogate models as we refer to them in the context of model optimization, replace the solutions of the differential equations. Once the surrogate models are developed, via the design of computer experiments described in the preceding section, we can turn to optimization. The objective function now takes the form... 

In this protocol, direct surface analyses using IT-SIMS will be described from the perspective of analyses that were conducted to measure chemical warfare agents and related compounds (precursors, degradation products, and surrogates) that were adsorbed on samples from exposed environments. During the course of the research that is described in this chapter, the basic instrumental design of the IT-SIMS was modified for the analysis of absorbed compounds, and so the utilization of the instrument for these purposes is also described. 

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