Surinam

Aleva, G. J. J. (1979). Bauxite and other duricrusts in Surinam A review. Geol. Mijnbouw 58, 321-336. 

Krook, L. (1979). Sediment petrographical studies in northern Surinam, Ph.D. thesis. Free University. 

Extensive, horizontal sandstone plateaus occur in tropical shield areas. Well-known examples are the Precambrian Roraima sandstone formations on the Guiana Shield and the Voltaian sandstone formations in Western Africa. Major occurrences of consolidated sands are found in Northern Africa, in Guyana and Surinam, eastern Peru, northeastern Brazil and in Liberia (western Africa). These sandstone formations have a history of tropical weathering in common they all have a deep weathering mantle of bleached, white sands that are very rich in quartz, poor in clay and excessively drained. Electrolyte contents differ by region In arid and semi-arid areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation, salts and carbonates may accumulate at or near the surface of the soil. 

Spraying of PCP to control populations of water snails in rice fields of Surinam resulted in the death of fish and birds, including snail kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis), certain egrets and herons, and wattled jacanas (Jacana jacana). Levels of PCP in these birds and their food items suggested that PCP-contaminated food probably caused the deaths (Vermeer et al. 1974) (Table 23.5). 

Vermeer, K., R.W. Risebrough, A.L. Spaans, and L.M. Reynolds. 1974. Pesticide effects on fishes and birds in rice fields of Surinam, South America. Environ. Pollut. 7 217-236. 

It was growing as an exotic exhibit in the government glass houses in Amsterdam in Holland. Dutch workers took it from there in 1710 and circled Africa with it, around the Cape of Good Hope, and it was soon growing in Surinam in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile it had traveled to the botanical garden hot houses in Paris, and from there it was also taken to French colonial sites in the West—French Guiana and Martinique. Direct introductions were likewise made from France to the Caribbean islands in 1721 and 1741. Coffee was found by these Dutch and French adventurers to be well adapted to the climates and soils of the western tropics. 

At the same time, the Netherlands authorities identified a network attempting to divert ergotamine when a consignment of 5 kg of the substance was intercepted en route from Slovenia, through the Netherlands, to Suriname. The consignment had been declared as pharmaceuticals . The actual destination of the substance is not yet known. 

Cao S, Guza RC, Wisse JH, Miller JS, Evans R, Kingston DGI (2005) Ipomoeassins A-E, C)4otoxic Macrocyclic Glycoresins from the Leaves of Ipomoea squamosa from the Suriname Rainforest. J Nat Prod 68 487... 

Verpoorte, R., Ruigrok, C. L. M. and Baerheim Svendsen, A. 1982. Medicinal plants of Suriname. Antimicrobial active alkaloids from Aspidosperma marcgra-vianum. Planta Medica, 46 149-152. 

At the end of the 17th century, the Dutch started to cultivate coffee on Jawa, Ceylon, and Surinam. In the 18th century, it was cultivated in Latin America and Brazil, then in Kenya, Tanzania, Malawa, and Uganda. Main producers currently are Brazil and Columbia. 

United States Suriname Arabic countries Samoa India... 

Abdel-Kader MS, Wisse J, Evans R, van der Werff H, Kingston DGI. Bioactive Iridoids and a New Lignan from Allamanda cathartica and Himatanthus fallax from the Suriname Rainforest. Journal of Natural Products 1997 60(12) 1294-1297. 

Other important transit countries from the Andean region to Europe are Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil, and less frequently, the Netherlands Antilles, Suriname, Argentina, Panama and Costa Rica.29 30 Some of these countries also reported dismantling cocaine laboratories (notably Venezuela and Argentina), which could indicate that they are not only transit, but also cocaine manufacturing countries. 

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