Surfactants subsurface remediation

West, C. C. Harwell, J. H. (1992). Surfactants and subsurface remediation. Environmental Science Technology, 26, 2324-30. 

Bowman, R. S., Haggerty, G. M., Huddleston, R. G., Neel, D., and Flynn, M. M. (1995). Sorption of nonpolar organic compounds, inorganic cations, and inorganic anions by surfactant-modified zeolites. Surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation, D. A. Sabatini, R. C. Knox, and J. H. Harwell, eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 54-64. 

Ko, S.-O. (1998). Electrokinetic/surfactant-enhanced remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in low permeability subsurface environments. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A M University, College Station, TX. 

The goal of surfactant enhanced subsurface remediation is to maximize the contaminant extraction efficiency while optimizing system economics. Since middle phase microemulsions maximize the solubilization while minimizing the oil-water interfacial tension, these systems are highly desirable, especially for NAPLs lighter than water, where downward... 

Thus, surfactant enhanced subsurface remediation is a mature technology for remediating hydrophilic NAPL, as displayed at the field level. These successful field demonstrations provide encouragement for further evaluation of hydrophobic oils with a similar goal of field deployment. To this end, the current research evaluated laboratory batch and column studies for surfactant enhanced remediation of hydrophobic oil contamination, including phase behavior studies, column studies, and evaluating separation... 

The objective of this portion of the research was to experimentally evaluate surfactant effects on the liquid-liquid separation of hydrophobic oils from a surfactant system. For pump-and-treat subsurface remediation in the absence of surfactant, contaminated ground water would be pumped from the subsurface and through a liquid-liquid extraction column where the contaminant partitions from the aqueous phase into an extraction solvent phase. In the absence of surfactant, the driving force for partitioning is a function of the contaminant hydrophobicity. In the presence of surfactants, the contaminant is subject to competitive partitioning (i.e., into the micelles and into the extracting oil). 

Knox, R. C., Shiau, B. J., Sabatini, D. A. and Harwell, J. H. (1999). "Field Demonstration of Surfactant Enhanced Solubilization and Mobilization at Hill Air Force Base, UT." Innovative Subsurface Remediation Field Testing of Physical, Chemical and Characterization Technologies. ACS Symposium Series. In Press, Revised Paper Accepted October 15. 

Fountain, J.C. Waddell-Sheets, C., Lagowski, A., Taylor, C., Frazier, D., and Byrne, M. (1995). Enhanced Removal of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids using Surfactants -Capabilities and Limitations from Field Trials. In Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, ACS Symposium Series Emerging Technologies 594, Sabatini, D.A., Knox, R.D., Harwell, J.H., (ed.), American Chemical Society, 177-190. 

Sabatini, D.A. Knoz, R.C. Harwell, J.H. (Eds.), Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation Emerging Technologies, American Chemical Society Washington, 1995. Chhabra, V. Free, M.L. Kang, P.K. Truesdail,... 

D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox and J.H. Harwell, Eds, Surfactant-Enharwed Subsurface Remediation, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1994. 

S. Kobayashi, T. Wakabayashi, S. Nagayama, H. Oyamada, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997,38,4559-4562. Judging from the amount of the surfactant used in the present case, the aldol reaction would not proceed only in micelles, (a) J. H. Fendler, E. J. Fendler, Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, Academic, London, 1975. (b) Mixed Surfactant Systems (Eds. P. M. Holland, D. N. Rubingh), ACS, Washington, DC, 19W. (c) Structure and Reactivity in Aqueous Solution (Eds. C. J. Cramer, D. G. Truhlar), ACS, Washington, DC, 1994. (d) Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation (Eds. D. A. Sabatini, R. C. Knox, J. H. Harwell), ACS, Washington, DC, 1994. 

Hasegawa, M.H., Shiau, B.-J., Sabatini, D.A., Knox, R.C., Harwell, J.H., Lago, R. and Yeh, L. (2000) Surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation of DNAPLs at the former naval air station Alameda, California. In G.B. Wickramanayake, A.R. Gavaksar and N. Gupta (eds), Treating Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (C2-2). Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, pp. 219-226. 

In surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation, surfactant solutions are pumped through a subsurface contam-... 

Fig. 8 Recovery of organic contaminant by surfactant-en hanced subsurface remediation.

Field Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation.371... 

The use of surfactants for remediation of contaminated soils and aquifers has been widely examined. Techniques for remediation are conveniently denoted as in situ and ex situ, where the former refers to treatment of soil or aquifers in place (in the subsurface) and the latter indicates excavation of soil for treatment above ground and pump and treat in the case of aquifers. The literature is quite extensive on surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation [15] and has relied on the basics of surfactant-based remediation chemistry-physicochemistry-hydrology [16-27]. It was further demonstrated that the recovery and reuse of the surfactant (if applicable), is critical for maintaining the economic feasibility of this remediation technology applied [28],... 

FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF SURFACTANT-ENHANCED SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION... 

Several field demonstration studies were conducted in the United States, mainly in the 1990s. These demonstrations have shown that surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation (SER) is relatively rapid and economical, and can be competitive with conventional pump and treat remediation, if—in ex situ bioremediation—surfactant losses can be minimized, contaminated elution maximized, and surfactant-contaminant separation and the former s reuse implemented [46]. 

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