Surfactants, as stabilizing agents

Stable dispersion of cellulose microcrystals in nonpolar solvents by using surfactants as stabilizing agents [157]... 

An interesting advantage in the use of surfactants as protective agents to stabilize nanoparticles is based on the easy modulation of their concentration which... 

One of the most interesting opportunity fuels related to petroleum coke is Orimulsion , a highly volatile product produced from Venezuelan crude oil. Orimulsion is a fuel used as a substitute for heavy oil in large utility and industrial boilers. It is conq>rised of 70 percent bitumen from the Orinoco belt in Venezuela, and 30 percent water. A surfactant, or stabilizing agent, is used as well. Mti ly the product Orimulsion 100 was marketed this product has been enhanced and a new formulation, Orimulsion 400 is being produced. The new formulation involves a different surfactant and the exclusion of magnesium nitrate from the product [56-58]. Orimulsion, like petroleum coke and the heavy oils and pitches previously discussed, is derived from crude oil and related products. 

The primary synthetic methods utilized for generating coUoidal dispersions are suspension and emulsion polymerizations. Suspension polymerization occurs when monomers are suspended as a noncontinuous phase in a continuous aqueous medium and organic-soluble initiators faciHtate polymerization by diffusion into the monomer droplets. Surfactants are typically utihzed as stabilizing agents however. 

Water-based dispersion adhesives consist of oligomers dispersed in water with surfactants as dispersing agents and stabilizers. Before dispersions, natural rubber latex and casein were used to manufacture such adhesives. Currently, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyacrylate serve as synthetic base polymers for water-based PSA, while polychloroprene and thermoplastic polyurethane serve the same purpose for water-based contact adhesives. 

Foam cement is a special class of lightweight cement. The gas content of foamed cement can be up to 75% by volume. The stability of the foam is achieved by the addition of surfactants, as shown in Table 10-9. A typical foamed cement composition is made from a hydraulic cement, an aqueous rubber latex in an amount up to 45% by weight of the hydraulic cement, a latex stabilizer, a defoaming agent, a gas, a foaming agent, and a foam stabilizer [359,362]. Foamed high-temperature applications are based on calcium phosphate cement [257]. 

Additives that assist the creation of a fracture include viscosifiers, such as polymers and crosslinking agents temperature stabilizers pH control agents and fluid loss control materials. Formation damage is reduced by such additives as gel breakers, biocides, surfactants, clay stabilizers, and gases. 

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