Surfactant mineral content

Prior to about 1920, flotation procedures were rather crude and rested primarily on the observation that copper and lead-zinc ore pulps (crushed ore mixed with water) could be benefacted (improved in mineral content) by treatment with large amounts of fatty and oily materials. The mineral particles collected in the oily layer and thus could be separated from the gangue and the water. Since then, oil flotation has been largely replaced by froth or foam flotation. Here, only minor amounts of oil or surfactant are used and a froth is formed by agitating or bubbling air through the suspension. The oily froth or foam is concentrated in mineral particles and can be skimmed off as shown schematically in Fig. XIII-4. 

The surfactant adsorption isotherm depends on surfactant structure, temperature, mineral content of the solid surface, and other parameters. As illustrated by Figure 7, the isotherm for the... 

Consistency. Lecithins are available in both fluid and plastic (solid) forms. Fluid lecithins generally follow Newtonian flow characteristics. The viscosity profile of lecithins is a complex function of acetone-insoluble content, moisture, mineral content, acid value, and the combined effects of assorted additives such as vegetable oils and surfactants. Generally, higher AI and/or moisture content yields higher viscosity, whereas an increased AV often decreases viscosity. Certain divalent minerals, such as calcium and others, can also adjust the viscosity level. 

For flotation to be most effective, reagents such as oil (collector) and surfactant (frother) must be added to the aqueous coal slurry. The collector adsorbs on the coal surface and makes it more hydrophobic, while the surfactant facilitates production of a stable froth. According to Leonard (26), the optimum coal sizes for froth flotation are between 50 and 140 mesh (0.3 and 0.106 mm). While conventional froth flotation will successfully remove minerals from coal, it has limited effect on the pyrite content, as pyrite tends to float almost as well as coal. Because of this, researchers have been looking for better ways to remove pyrite from coal. In addition, as previously mentioned, it is necessary to grind coal to very fine sizes in order to sufficiently liberate the mineral matter and pyritic sulfur. But, at these very fine sizes,... 

This work intends to show the complexity of the dynamic adsorption process and to evaluate capacity of some granular carbons of various firms to remove pollutants from water. Adsorbents have been tested by various methods, and static and dynamic adsorption have been compared. Characteristics of carbons has been evaluated by the determination of porous structure, specific surface, content of ashes (mineral substances) and crushing strength and abrasion resistance. Adsorption capacity of activated carbon has been determined by means of phenol, iodide, methylene blue, sodium lauryl sulphate and molasses indicators for static conditions, and surfactant has been used for dynamic conditions. Analysis of some factors influencing adsorption has been accomplished and directions of further studies have been shown. 

The removal of mineral oils from sea sand was studied in [323] in presence of aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Alconox) with and without solid additives, such as granular activated carbon, powder activated carbon. The process was conducted in a scrubber by froth flotation. Contaminants and fine sand particles were transferred, together with sorbents, into the water-froth stream, whereas clean sand remained in the tails . Without addition of sorbent, the content of contaminants (total oil and grease -TOG) was 4000 ppm, while the additives reduced the TOG content to less than 1000 ppm. 

A pendulum tribometer (see Fig. 4.14) whose prism was made of a PE-based composite, mineral oil and Cl were used in the investigations. Cl of the class of surfactants with a carboxyl or hydroxyl group (inhibitors of series A), as well as organic amines and sulfur acids (B set) readily dissolving in oils thanks to the hydrocarbon part of macromolecules were used in the experiments. Compositions with different PE content were prepared for each inhibitor type. Formulation 1 had 36 wt %, formulation 2 had 45 wt % and formulation 3 had 65 wt %. The trays (prism support) were made of copper, aluminum, and carbon steel. 0.1 N solution of Na2S04 was used as the... 

Surfactants and dispersants are used to disperse pigment, mineral and latex particles to promote suspension stability, to minimize the viscosity contribution of particle flocculation or agglomeration, and to enable higher solids content. Adjusting paint theology for optimal in-can stability and application properties normally requires the use of thickeners, thixotropes and rheology modifiers of various types. 

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