Surface thermal gradient-induced

Electrohydrodynamic patterning/Thermal-gradient induced surface patterning. A stable liquid polymer film becomes unstable when the surface tension is overcome... 

Brochard, F. Motions of droplets on solid surfaces induced by chemical or thermal gradients. Langmuir, 5, 432 (1989). 

As the electrode temperature is larger than the bulk temperature, a modulation of the temperature of the electrochemical interface induces a modulation of the thermal gradient in the solution while the bulk temperature is kept constant. Then the temperature-dependent parameters, like buoyancy forces, are modulated inside the thermal diffusion layer adjacent to the surface and, consequently, a modulation of the velocity is induced near the electrode. Therefore, the transient material balance equation may be written as... 

Infrared Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy Infrared photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (IR-PDS) is better than PAS because it does not have a microphone near the sample. It involves two light sources. One is an interferometer that produces modulated radiations to illuminate the sample, and the other is a laser source that is placed so that its beam grazes the surface of the carbon sample. The absorption of the incident-modulated radiation beam by the sample produces heat, causing thermal gradients that deflect the laser beam. The deflected laser beam is detected by the detector, and the signal reproduced is a measure of the photothermal effect induced on the sample surface. The resulting... 

Brzoska JB, Brochard-Wyart F, Rondelez F (1993) Motions of droplets on hydrophobic model surfaces induced by thermal gradients. Langmuir 9 2220-2224... 

In addition to the theimal-stress-induced elastic energy of the cubic cell, the elastic energy gradient within the cubic cell, caleulated by two equivalent mathematieal teehniques and representing a surface integral of the thermal-stress-induced elastie energy density, is presented to derive the thermal-stress strengthening in the spherical particle and the eubie eell matrix. 

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